C Squared

I never ran across entrophy of atoms-can you tell me what that is? The issue of time is above my pay level but I think I see what you mean about it going to zero as mass transforms to energy-that is a modeling perspective derived from the use or misuse of math.

The entropy of the atom could be defined as the direction it takes towards a rundown of its energy state.

I would say that the transformation of matter in the form of ice into water and steam is a direct example of entropy of the atom.
The energy used has been increased in the environment.

The very atoms that undergo these transformations will never go back to their original state.

A forest can turn into a desert but not the other way around.

This is what I was trying to explain with the shape of a galaxy.

The fact steam has more entrophy than water or ice says nothing about entrophy of an atom. I am puzzled as to how this concept can be seen since atoms and entrophy are not linked as far as I know. And as far as forests and deserts go they get that way because the climate changes all the time. A forest was a desert and deserts become forests when the weather changes. That happens over time a lot.

The entropy of the atom is in complete agreement with the statement I mentioned on page 2 which I quoted from a physics book: "A natural process......in the direction that causes the entropy of the system plus environment to increase."

Here are some more quotes that agree with this theory:

CHEMISTRY:
" All systems strive to release energy; in other words, all chemical processes would prefer to undergo an exothermic process."

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY:
" Nuclear chemistry deals with the nuclei of atoms breaking apart. Atoms are continually undergoing decay."

There is also the Third Law of Thermodynamics which states that the atom has zero entropy at zero Kelvin.
Since the temperature of the unverse is approximately three Kelvin, then entropy is positive.

According to what is posted above the entrophy of an atom is zero at zero kelvin and entrophy increases as the temperature rises from zero to some higher temperature. Does knowing this lead to a way to determine how high a temperature can be in an atom? Also, does the composition of the atom matter when the temperature rises? According to another law it does but, I wonder if it does using this method.

I am assuming that an atom is basically an organized package of energy. The electrons and the nucleus are part of this well ordered arrangement.

Heat is produced by the atom's activity or more precisely, when it releases its energy. If too much energy is released, then its properties change.

When a light bulb is lit, the atoms in the thin wire undergo a sudden change in potential and release its energy.
After a few hundred hours, the wire breaks as the amount of atoms and their composition have changed.

This potential change of the atom is also a change in entropy.

I think molecular bonding happens for the same reason: when the potential in the atoms match.