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18 years 11 months ago #12866
by cosmicsurfer
Replied by cosmicsurfer on topic Reply from John Rickey
FOCUS FUSION: A Primary Grid Power Potential
"Focus Fusion poses overwhelming competition to Tokamak
Purports to be a far more feasible and profoundly less expensive approach to hot fusion, in contrast to what the international project (ITER) in France is pursuing. Lawrenceville Plasma Physics is currently researching and developing the Plasma Focus Device for hydrogen-boron nuclear fusion.
HOW IT WORKS:
A pulse of electricity from a capacitor bank is discharged across the electrodes. For a few millionths of a second, an intense current flows from the outer to the inner electrode through the gas. This current starts to heat the gas and creates an intense magnetic field.
Guided by its own magnetic field, the current forms itself into a thin sheath of tiny filaments -- little whirlwinds of hot, electrically-conducting gas called plasma.
Picture of plasma filaments:
This sheath travels to the end of the inner electrode where the magnetic fields produced by the currents pinch and twist the plasma into a tiny, dense ball only a few thousandths of an inch across called a plasmoid. All of this happens without being guided by external magnets.
The magnetic fields very quickly collapse, and these changing magnetic fields induce an electric field which causes a beam of electrons to flow in one direction and a beam of ions (atoms that have lost electrons) in the other. The electron beam heats the plasmoid, thus igniting fusion reactions which add more energy to the plasmoid. So in the end, the ion and electron beams contain more energy than was input by the original electric current.
These beams of charged particles are directed into decelerators which act like particle accelerators in reverse. Instead of using electricity to accelerate charged particles they decelerate charged particles and to produce electricity. (Ref. The above quote was slightly edited.)
Some of this electricity is recycled to power the next fusion pulse, at a frequency expected to be optimal at around 1000 times per second. The excess energy from each pulse is available as net energy, and is output as product electricity from the fusion power plant for sale to the grid – or will be, once this is all proven and implemented.
Photo of hot plasma vortex filaments:
.....Imagine! At the flip of a switch, going from room temperature (or from the temperature of boiling water in the case of the liquid decaborane fuel), all the way up to a billion degrees, and then up to 6 billion degrees, all in a fraction of a second; then with another flip of the switch, when you are done, going back down to ambient temperature. And in the interim, you have produced excess energy from fusion -- safely, cleanly.
Part of that theoretical equation has been proven. Part has yet to be proven.
Lerner credits the field of astrophysics as playing a significant role in serendipitously developing much of the theoretical basis behind focus fusion, due to the parallels between neutron star research and plasma physics.
Mary-Sue Haliburton, chief editor for PESN and OSEN news, points out that the plasma filament process described above resembles Birkeland currents of the sun, which are described as “twisting”. In addition to confirming a portion of the focus fusion theory, she points out that focus fusion theory adds weight to the theory that the sun is electrical, and this strong correlation between the two processes " could help to shift the direction of fusion research more toward this Focus concept." (Ref. electric-sun website)
Based on his focus-fusion research done through the grant from JPL at the University of Illinois, his subsequent research at Texas A&M University, and research done at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lerner et al. have proven the ability to attain, and even to surpass, the billion degree benchmark. (Ref)
Valone said that such an achievement should have been front page news in the NY Times and Washington Post. (Ref.)
Though Lerner and his colleagues went beyond the pre-determined performance standard, NASA chose to not publicize that breakthrough. Instead of honoring Lerner et al. with the accolades they deserved, an administrator at LANL threatened the University and the professor involved, saying that they were not to compare their results with pet-project Tokamak. The professor was so intimidated he stopped working with Lerner.
Lerner's persistent quest to find other federal monies has thus far been unfruitful. "This administration does not want to fund any serious competitor to oil or gas," Lerner said. He has also approached some foreign governments.
Eric Lerner, physicist, inventor
Executive Director of the non-profit, Focus Fusion. He is also President of Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Inc., the corporate interest bringing this technology forward.
Despite the political setbacks, Lerner is pressing forward, and has been successful in acquiring limited funding. However, he needs substantially more to reach the next milestone of building a break-even prototype. To achieve the fusion process with measurable energy output, he needs $1.5 to $2 million dollars. This is a mere pittance compared to the $10 billion being sunk into Tokamak, which Valone considers to be an inferior design."
opensourceenergy.org/txtlstvw.aspx?LstID...33-8002-a69aca481e6a
"Focus Fusion poses overwhelming competition to Tokamak
Purports to be a far more feasible and profoundly less expensive approach to hot fusion, in contrast to what the international project (ITER) in France is pursuing. Lawrenceville Plasma Physics is currently researching and developing the Plasma Focus Device for hydrogen-boron nuclear fusion.
HOW IT WORKS:
A pulse of electricity from a capacitor bank is discharged across the electrodes. For a few millionths of a second, an intense current flows from the outer to the inner electrode through the gas. This current starts to heat the gas and creates an intense magnetic field.
Guided by its own magnetic field, the current forms itself into a thin sheath of tiny filaments -- little whirlwinds of hot, electrically-conducting gas called plasma.
Picture of plasma filaments:
This sheath travels to the end of the inner electrode where the magnetic fields produced by the currents pinch and twist the plasma into a tiny, dense ball only a few thousandths of an inch across called a plasmoid. All of this happens without being guided by external magnets.
The magnetic fields very quickly collapse, and these changing magnetic fields induce an electric field which causes a beam of electrons to flow in one direction and a beam of ions (atoms that have lost electrons) in the other. The electron beam heats the plasmoid, thus igniting fusion reactions which add more energy to the plasmoid. So in the end, the ion and electron beams contain more energy than was input by the original electric current.
These beams of charged particles are directed into decelerators which act like particle accelerators in reverse. Instead of using electricity to accelerate charged particles they decelerate charged particles and to produce electricity. (Ref. The above quote was slightly edited.)
Some of this electricity is recycled to power the next fusion pulse, at a frequency expected to be optimal at around 1000 times per second. The excess energy from each pulse is available as net energy, and is output as product electricity from the fusion power plant for sale to the grid – or will be, once this is all proven and implemented.
Photo of hot plasma vortex filaments:
.....Imagine! At the flip of a switch, going from room temperature (or from the temperature of boiling water in the case of the liquid decaborane fuel), all the way up to a billion degrees, and then up to 6 billion degrees, all in a fraction of a second; then with another flip of the switch, when you are done, going back down to ambient temperature. And in the interim, you have produced excess energy from fusion -- safely, cleanly.
Part of that theoretical equation has been proven. Part has yet to be proven.
Lerner credits the field of astrophysics as playing a significant role in serendipitously developing much of the theoretical basis behind focus fusion, due to the parallels between neutron star research and plasma physics.
Mary-Sue Haliburton, chief editor for PESN and OSEN news, points out that the plasma filament process described above resembles Birkeland currents of the sun, which are described as “twisting”. In addition to confirming a portion of the focus fusion theory, she points out that focus fusion theory adds weight to the theory that the sun is electrical, and this strong correlation between the two processes " could help to shift the direction of fusion research more toward this Focus concept." (Ref. electric-sun website)
Based on his focus-fusion research done through the grant from JPL at the University of Illinois, his subsequent research at Texas A&M University, and research done at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lerner et al. have proven the ability to attain, and even to surpass, the billion degree benchmark. (Ref)
Valone said that such an achievement should have been front page news in the NY Times and Washington Post. (Ref.)
Though Lerner and his colleagues went beyond the pre-determined performance standard, NASA chose to not publicize that breakthrough. Instead of honoring Lerner et al. with the accolades they deserved, an administrator at LANL threatened the University and the professor involved, saying that they were not to compare their results with pet-project Tokamak. The professor was so intimidated he stopped working with Lerner.
Lerner's persistent quest to find other federal monies has thus far been unfruitful. "This administration does not want to fund any serious competitor to oil or gas," Lerner said. He has also approached some foreign governments.
Eric Lerner, physicist, inventor
Executive Director of the non-profit, Focus Fusion. He is also President of Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Inc., the corporate interest bringing this technology forward.
Despite the political setbacks, Lerner is pressing forward, and has been successful in acquiring limited funding. However, he needs substantially more to reach the next milestone of building a break-even prototype. To achieve the fusion process with measurable energy output, he needs $1.5 to $2 million dollars. This is a mere pittance compared to the $10 billion being sunk into Tokamak, which Valone considers to be an inferior design."
opensourceenergy.org/txtlstvw.aspx?LstID...33-8002-a69aca481e6a
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18 years 11 months ago #12883
by cosmicsurfer
Replied by cosmicsurfer on topic Reply from John Rickey
BLACKLIGHT POWER UPDATE-COULD IT BE GOODBYE OIL ECONOMY AND HELLO HYDROGEN PLASMA?:
"Fuel's paradise? Power source that turns physics on its head
· Scientist says device disproves quantum theory
· Opponents claim idea is result of wrong maths
Alok Jha, science correspondent
Friday November 4, 2005
The Guardian
It seems too good to be true: a new source of near-limitless power that costs virtually nothing, uses tiny amounts of water as its fuel and produces next to no waste. If that does not sound radical enough, how about this: the principle behind the source turns modern physics on its head.
Randell Mills, a Harvard University medic who also studied electrical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, claims to have built a prototype power source that generates up to 1,000 times more heat than conventional fuel. Independent scientists claim to have verified the experiments and Dr Mills says that his company, Blacklight Power, has tens of millions of dollars in investment lined up to bring the idea to market. And he claims to be just months away from unveiling his creation.
The problem is that according to the rules of quantum mechanics, the physics that governs the behaviour of atoms, the idea is theoretically impossible. "Physicists are quite conservative. It's not easy to convince them to change a theory that is accepted for 50 to 60 years. I don't think [Mills's] theory should be supported," said Jan Naudts, a theoretical physicist at the University of Antwerp.
What has much of the physics world up in arms is Dr Mills's claim that he has produced a new form of hydrogen, the simplest of all the atoms, with just a single proton circled by one electron. In his "hydrino", the electron sits a little closer to the proton than normal, and the formation of the new atoms from traditional hydrogen releases huge amounts of energy.
This is scientific heresy. According to quantum mechanics, electrons can only exist in an atom in strictly defined orbits, and the shortest distance allowed between the proton and electron in hydrogen is fixed. The two particles are simply not allowed to get any closer.
According to Dr Mills, there can be only one explanation: quantum mechanics must be wrong. "We've done a lot of testing. We've got 50 independent validation reports, we've got 65 peer-reviewed journal articles," he said. "We ran into this theoretical resistance and there are some vested interests here. People are very strong and fervent protectors of this [quantum] theory that they use."
Rick Maas, a chemist at the University of North Carolina at Asheville (UNC) who specialises in sustainable energy sources, was allowed unfettered access to Blacklight's laboratories this year. "We went in with a healthy amount of scepticism. While it would certainly be nice if this were true, in my position as head of a research institution, I really wouldn't want to make a mistake. The last thing I want is to be remembered as the person who derailed a lot of sustainable energy investment into something that wasn't real."
But Prof Maas and Randy Booker, a UNC physicist, left under no doubt about Dr Mill's claims. "All of us who are not quantum physicists are looking at Dr Mills's data and we find it very compelling," said Prof Maas. "Dr Booker and I have both put our professional reputations on the line as far as that goes."
Dr Mills's idea goes against almost a century of thinking. When scientists developed the theory of quantum mechanics they described a world where measuring the exact position or energy of a particle was impossible and where the laws of classical physics had no effect. The theory has been hailed as one of the 20th century's greatest achievements.
But it is an achievement Dr Mills thinks is flawed. He turned back to earlier classical physics to develop a theory which, unlike quantum mechanics, allows an electron to move much closer to the proton at the heart of a hydrogen atom and, in doing so, release the substantial amounts of energy he seeks to exploit. Dr Mills's theory, known as classical quantum mechanics and published in the journal Physics Essays in 2003, has been criticised most publicly by Andreas Rathke of the European Space Agency. In a damning critique published recently in the New Journal of Physics, he argued that Dr Mills's theory was the result of mathematical mistakes.
Dr Mills argues that there are plenty of flaws in Dr Rathke's critique. "His paper's riddled with mistakes. We've had other physicists contact him and say this is embarrassing to the journal and [Dr Rathke] won't respond," said Dr Mills.
While the theoretical tangle is unlikely to resolve itself soon, those wanting to exploit the technology are pushing ahead. "We would like to understand it from an academic standpoint and then we would like to be able to use the implications to actually produce energy products," said Prof Maas. "The companies that are lining up behind this are household names."
Dr Mills will not go into details of who is investing in his research but rumours suggest a range of US power companies. It is well known also that Nasa's institute of advanced concepts has funded research into finding a way of using Blacklight's technology to power rockets.
According to Prof Maas, the first product built with Blacklight's technology, which will be available in as little as four years, will be a household heater. As the technology is scaled up, he says, bigger furnaces will be able to boil water and turn turbines to produce electricity.
In a recent economic forecast, Prof Maas calculated that hydrino energy would cost around 1.2 cents (0.7p) per kilowatt hour. This compares to an average of 5 cents per kWh for coal and 6 cents for nuclear energy.
"If it's wrong, it will be proven wrong," said Kert Davies, research director of Greenpeace USA. "But if it's right, it is so important that all else falls away. It has the potential to solve our dependence on oil. Our stance is of cautious optimism."
www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1627424,00.html
Randall Mills is leading a revolution in physics with proven results that will impact the entire planetary energy grid. Incidentally, Randall also has a theory on antigravity technology and seeing just how brilliant his work has been in the new hydrogen physics I would give him a better than even chance that he will come up with something in that field as well.
John
"Fuel's paradise? Power source that turns physics on its head
· Scientist says device disproves quantum theory
· Opponents claim idea is result of wrong maths
Alok Jha, science correspondent
Friday November 4, 2005
The Guardian
It seems too good to be true: a new source of near-limitless power that costs virtually nothing, uses tiny amounts of water as its fuel and produces next to no waste. If that does not sound radical enough, how about this: the principle behind the source turns modern physics on its head.
Randell Mills, a Harvard University medic who also studied electrical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, claims to have built a prototype power source that generates up to 1,000 times more heat than conventional fuel. Independent scientists claim to have verified the experiments and Dr Mills says that his company, Blacklight Power, has tens of millions of dollars in investment lined up to bring the idea to market. And he claims to be just months away from unveiling his creation.
The problem is that according to the rules of quantum mechanics, the physics that governs the behaviour of atoms, the idea is theoretically impossible. "Physicists are quite conservative. It's not easy to convince them to change a theory that is accepted for 50 to 60 years. I don't think [Mills's] theory should be supported," said Jan Naudts, a theoretical physicist at the University of Antwerp.
What has much of the physics world up in arms is Dr Mills's claim that he has produced a new form of hydrogen, the simplest of all the atoms, with just a single proton circled by one electron. In his "hydrino", the electron sits a little closer to the proton than normal, and the formation of the new atoms from traditional hydrogen releases huge amounts of energy.
This is scientific heresy. According to quantum mechanics, electrons can only exist in an atom in strictly defined orbits, and the shortest distance allowed between the proton and electron in hydrogen is fixed. The two particles are simply not allowed to get any closer.
According to Dr Mills, there can be only one explanation: quantum mechanics must be wrong. "We've done a lot of testing. We've got 50 independent validation reports, we've got 65 peer-reviewed journal articles," he said. "We ran into this theoretical resistance and there are some vested interests here. People are very strong and fervent protectors of this [quantum] theory that they use."
Rick Maas, a chemist at the University of North Carolina at Asheville (UNC) who specialises in sustainable energy sources, was allowed unfettered access to Blacklight's laboratories this year. "We went in with a healthy amount of scepticism. While it would certainly be nice if this were true, in my position as head of a research institution, I really wouldn't want to make a mistake. The last thing I want is to be remembered as the person who derailed a lot of sustainable energy investment into something that wasn't real."
But Prof Maas and Randy Booker, a UNC physicist, left under no doubt about Dr Mill's claims. "All of us who are not quantum physicists are looking at Dr Mills's data and we find it very compelling," said Prof Maas. "Dr Booker and I have both put our professional reputations on the line as far as that goes."
Dr Mills's idea goes against almost a century of thinking. When scientists developed the theory of quantum mechanics they described a world where measuring the exact position or energy of a particle was impossible and where the laws of classical physics had no effect. The theory has been hailed as one of the 20th century's greatest achievements.
But it is an achievement Dr Mills thinks is flawed. He turned back to earlier classical physics to develop a theory which, unlike quantum mechanics, allows an electron to move much closer to the proton at the heart of a hydrogen atom and, in doing so, release the substantial amounts of energy he seeks to exploit. Dr Mills's theory, known as classical quantum mechanics and published in the journal Physics Essays in 2003, has been criticised most publicly by Andreas Rathke of the European Space Agency. In a damning critique published recently in the New Journal of Physics, he argued that Dr Mills's theory was the result of mathematical mistakes.
Dr Mills argues that there are plenty of flaws in Dr Rathke's critique. "His paper's riddled with mistakes. We've had other physicists contact him and say this is embarrassing to the journal and [Dr Rathke] won't respond," said Dr Mills.
While the theoretical tangle is unlikely to resolve itself soon, those wanting to exploit the technology are pushing ahead. "We would like to understand it from an academic standpoint and then we would like to be able to use the implications to actually produce energy products," said Prof Maas. "The companies that are lining up behind this are household names."
Dr Mills will not go into details of who is investing in his research but rumours suggest a range of US power companies. It is well known also that Nasa's institute of advanced concepts has funded research into finding a way of using Blacklight's technology to power rockets.
According to Prof Maas, the first product built with Blacklight's technology, which will be available in as little as four years, will be a household heater. As the technology is scaled up, he says, bigger furnaces will be able to boil water and turn turbines to produce electricity.
In a recent economic forecast, Prof Maas calculated that hydrino energy would cost around 1.2 cents (0.7p) per kilowatt hour. This compares to an average of 5 cents per kWh for coal and 6 cents for nuclear energy.
"If it's wrong, it will be proven wrong," said Kert Davies, research director of Greenpeace USA. "But if it's right, it is so important that all else falls away. It has the potential to solve our dependence on oil. Our stance is of cautious optimism."
www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1627424,00.html
Randall Mills is leading a revolution in physics with proven results that will impact the entire planetary energy grid. Incidentally, Randall also has a theory on antigravity technology and seeing just how brilliant his work has been in the new hydrogen physics I would give him a better than even chance that he will come up with something in that field as well.
John
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18 years 11 months ago #12886
by cosmicsurfer
Replied by cosmicsurfer on topic Reply from John Rickey
NEGATIVE ENTROPIC SYSTEMS: WILL FUTURE REGENERATIVE TECHNOLOGIES CHALLENGE THE BASIC TENETS OF SCIENCE?
Imagine a hydrogen plasma electric vehicle that gets 1000 miles per gallon, runs on H20, and with a cold tap condensation return line can recycle all of the water vapor and take water out of the atmosphere when idling. Will we even need gas stations?
Imagine that gravity operates on scales that appear instantaneous at 20 billion times the speed of light. Talk about rocking the boat in science thanks to TVF!!!! Now, imagine that jumping capacitors create motion upon discharge by moving towards the positive pole which can be used to create lift thanks to Townsend Brown's research (first approximations to understanding high field electrostatic repulsive forces). Imagine high capacitance field generators built into your own personal antigrav vehicle that changes the gravity field around your vehicle's mass by utilizing electrostatic repulsion at FTL speeds. Plus, the vehicle violates known physics and laws of thermodynamics because it is an over unity device that operates cold and self regenerates an unlimited source of energy from the vacuum dimensional time wave. Sound impossible?
Saying good bye to ENTROPY will take major changes in how we perceive that the Universe operates. Here is an example of the battle that we must contend with:
TOM BEARDON ---- RESPONSE TO AVIATION WEEK AND SPACE TECHNOLOGIES ARTICLE ON ZPE.
SCALAR SCIENTIST BEARDEN DECLINES TO WRITE TO MAGAZINE
Posted By: billym <Send E-Mail>
Date: Tuesday, 1 June 2004, 8:12 a.m.
Bearden Declines to Comment for Magazine
Here's a flurry of interesting emails about a discussion in the magazine Aviation Week & Space Technology. Jan Riis-christensen spotted the discussion, which was about Zero-Point energy, and felt that certain statements in it should be challenged. At issue is the famous "Second Law of Thermodynamics," which seems to forbid the idea that you can get free energy from the vacuum of space - the so-called "law of entropy."
So Jan writes to scalar scientist Tom Bearden via his webmaster, Tony Craddock, asking if Bearden would write something challenging the nay-sayers in the magazine's discussion. Bearden has written about the possibility of "negentropy," or the tapping of the "zero-point energy" of the vacuum of space -- that is to say, free energy devices. Entropy says that everything is gradually running down and tending toward more chaos, which is disorder. Negentropy says that the reverse is possible, that an increase of order is possible in certain circumstances, free energy from the time domain (4th dimension) transduced into the 3-dimensional world of matter.
Of particular interest is Bearden's response. Although he declined to comment to the magazine, in fact he has here given us his comments.
First Jan writes to Tony Craddock, then there are some excerpts from the magazine, then Bearden gives his reason for not bothering to write to the magazine. Bearden's comments are in bold.
=========================================
Message: 1
Subject: ZPE
There is a discussion going on in Aviation Week & Space Technology (AW&ST) on the subject of zero point energy (ZPE), where Jan Riis-Christensen got his comments on ZPE printed. To follow up the trend Jan e-mailed Thomas E. Bearden asking him to consider writing AW&ST a comment on ZPE. Bearden wrote in reply.
Copied from: www.uprootmedia.org/bearden comment.html
In succession:
Original Message
From: Jan Riis-christensen
To: webmaster@cheniere.org
Sent: Wednesday, May 19, 2004 2:30 PM
Subject: VS: Editorial on ZPE in Aviation Week & Space Technology
Tony Craddock - (Cheniere.org)
Please pass on the following information to Tom Bearden.
With due respect I wish to inform you about my comments in AW&ST (March 22, 2004). Unfortunately and for reasons unknown your name (Thomas E. Bearden) was withdrawn from my original text. I.e. {... was granted U.S. patent # 6,362,718, on Mar. 26, 2002.} & {...active vacuum, and was developed by a team led by Dr. Thomas E. Bearden.}
The same goes for my next comment in AW&ST (May 17, 2004), where I suggested reading the well-founded analysis on ZPE, Energy From The Vacuum, written by Bearden. Please see my following e-mail.
Kind regards,
Jan Riis-Christensen
================================
Text as printed (March 22, 2004):
ZPE would zap fossil fuels Your editorial on "zero point energy" (ZPE) describes the research and development situation in unduly restrained terms (AW&ST Mar. 1. p. 50). In fact, this is one field of development in which the U.S. Energy Dept. has deliberately chosen not to serve the public interest. The fossil fuel industry, besides nuclear hot-fusion R&D, is the major player behind this policy. Mainstream R&D communities are, without interference, securing federal funding. A breakthrough with the non-polluting ZPE, such as the over-unity extracting of electrical energy from the active vacuum, would bring a rapid loss of prominence to fossil fuel production and consumption of its goods and services. Worthy of note is the motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG). This over-unity device was granted a U.S. patent on Mar. 26, 2002. The MEG efficiently derives useful electromagnetic energy from the active vacuum.
Jan Riis Christensen
Oslo, Norway
===============================
'Correspondence', AW&ST May 17, 2004:
PART OF ECONOMIC STRATEGY
Regarding John Lynch's belief that a zero point energy system is an oxymoron violating the First Law of Thermodynamics (AW&ST Apr. 19, p., in certain commanding financial levels this point of view is part of an economic strategy. Legitimate over-unity devices are already operational and extracting electromagnetic (EM) energy from the active vacuum - without violation of any known laws of physics.
The conservation of energy - First Law of Thermodynamics - is a statement of macroscopic experience. Two types of energy in transition are listed: heat and work. The dissipation of energy is work, not the energy itself. In the up-to-date EM model, over-unity is a statement of reasons in which additional joules of work are performed by each joule of input energy. The broken symmetry of an exchange was shown to be true in 1957 with the Nobel Prize to Lee and Yang.
Jan Riis-Christensen
Oslo, Norway
_____________________________________
LYNCH ON THE ZPE MARK
Thermodynamics is alive and well but not living in the zero point energy community. Reader John Lynch is on the mark. Further, even if he were wrong, the Second Law of Thermodynamics excludes using conversion of random energy fluctuations into useful power. The late James Clerk Maxwell proposed the existence of "a demon" that could convert random motion of gas molecules into useful energy. He then proved such a demon could not exist. Maxwell also might devise a demon to show that ZPE is not convertible into useful energy.
Eugene E. Covert
Cambridge, Mass.
This is really something !!! Here we go again with the wrong interpretation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics! I'm mailing this to Thomas E. Bearden. This comment should not stand unanswered.
Jan Riis-Christensen
_____________________________________
Original Message
From: Jan Riis-christensen
To: webmaster@cheniere.org
Sent: Thursday, May 20, 2004 11:37 AM
Subject: RE: Letter to the Managing Editor, Aviation Week & Space
Technology
Tony Craddock,
If Thomas Bearden wishes to comment on ZPE, there are two possible alternatives as I see it. Either a letter shorter than 200 words for the 'Correspondence' column, or (even better) a special article (one page) under 'Viewpoint'. Mail to awstletters@aviationweek.com. It is worth trying - for sure !
Kind regards,
Jan Riis-Christensen
Original Message
From: A.J. Craddock
Sent: Monday, May 24, 2004 2:38 AM
Subject: Fwd: RE: Aviation Week & Space Technology.
Jan,
Rather useless to send in anything; AW&ST would never develop the source-charge problem, nor discuss it, nor discuss the present Maxwell-Heaviside model assumption that every joule of EM energy in the universe is and has been freely created from nothing, by those source charges.
It just is not possible to have any kind of meaningful dialog in such media. Understand, AW&ST does a good job in things like aerospace, etc. But to my knowledge, they have never had a single article pointing out the foundations assumptions in Maxwell-Heaviside classical electrodynamics and electrical engineering.
Really cannot blame AW&ST! They turn to the scientific community, and the scientists assure them that everything is already known in that model.
But I still have not found a single textbook which does list the foundations assumptions, and does then point out which ones have been falsified by particle physics since the 1865 paper of James Clerk Maxwell.
Heck, they appear not to realize that no such thing as a force field exists in space, even though the EE and CEM model assumes such. (That, of course, assumes a material ether). They do not recognize that Newton's first law is the law of perpetual motion, and that experiments with persistent superconducting currents initiated in shorted superconductor circuits will circulate indefinitely. Statistically, the estimate of the half- life of the current is 10exp23 years -- an incredible period of time nearly unimaginably greater than the entire life of the universe to date.
One can buy a little kit for a few hundred dollars, and do one's own perpetual motion experiment at will.
And the Second Law of thermodynamics as written applies only to equilibrium systems (which is the condition of maximum entropy). Anytime the system is taken into disequilibrium, it automatically reduces its entropy, which is a negative entropy operation, permissibly violating the equilibrium Second Law because equilibrium no longer applies.
Best wishes,
Tom Bearden
www.rumormillnews.com/cgi-bin/archive.cgi?read=49778
Imagine a hydrogen plasma electric vehicle that gets 1000 miles per gallon, runs on H20, and with a cold tap condensation return line can recycle all of the water vapor and take water out of the atmosphere when idling. Will we even need gas stations?
Imagine that gravity operates on scales that appear instantaneous at 20 billion times the speed of light. Talk about rocking the boat in science thanks to TVF!!!! Now, imagine that jumping capacitors create motion upon discharge by moving towards the positive pole which can be used to create lift thanks to Townsend Brown's research (first approximations to understanding high field electrostatic repulsive forces). Imagine high capacitance field generators built into your own personal antigrav vehicle that changes the gravity field around your vehicle's mass by utilizing electrostatic repulsion at FTL speeds. Plus, the vehicle violates known physics and laws of thermodynamics because it is an over unity device that operates cold and self regenerates an unlimited source of energy from the vacuum dimensional time wave. Sound impossible?
Saying good bye to ENTROPY will take major changes in how we perceive that the Universe operates. Here is an example of the battle that we must contend with:
TOM BEARDON ---- RESPONSE TO AVIATION WEEK AND SPACE TECHNOLOGIES ARTICLE ON ZPE.
SCALAR SCIENTIST BEARDEN DECLINES TO WRITE TO MAGAZINE
Posted By: billym <Send E-Mail>
Date: Tuesday, 1 June 2004, 8:12 a.m.
Bearden Declines to Comment for Magazine
Here's a flurry of interesting emails about a discussion in the magazine Aviation Week & Space Technology. Jan Riis-christensen spotted the discussion, which was about Zero-Point energy, and felt that certain statements in it should be challenged. At issue is the famous "Second Law of Thermodynamics," which seems to forbid the idea that you can get free energy from the vacuum of space - the so-called "law of entropy."
So Jan writes to scalar scientist Tom Bearden via his webmaster, Tony Craddock, asking if Bearden would write something challenging the nay-sayers in the magazine's discussion. Bearden has written about the possibility of "negentropy," or the tapping of the "zero-point energy" of the vacuum of space -- that is to say, free energy devices. Entropy says that everything is gradually running down and tending toward more chaos, which is disorder. Negentropy says that the reverse is possible, that an increase of order is possible in certain circumstances, free energy from the time domain (4th dimension) transduced into the 3-dimensional world of matter.
Of particular interest is Bearden's response. Although he declined to comment to the magazine, in fact he has here given us his comments.
First Jan writes to Tony Craddock, then there are some excerpts from the magazine, then Bearden gives his reason for not bothering to write to the magazine. Bearden's comments are in bold.
=========================================
Message: 1
Subject: ZPE
There is a discussion going on in Aviation Week & Space Technology (AW&ST) on the subject of zero point energy (ZPE), where Jan Riis-Christensen got his comments on ZPE printed. To follow up the trend Jan e-mailed Thomas E. Bearden asking him to consider writing AW&ST a comment on ZPE. Bearden wrote in reply.
Copied from: www.uprootmedia.org/bearden comment.html
In succession:
Original Message
From: Jan Riis-christensen
To: webmaster@cheniere.org
Sent: Wednesday, May 19, 2004 2:30 PM
Subject: VS: Editorial on ZPE in Aviation Week & Space Technology
Tony Craddock - (Cheniere.org)
Please pass on the following information to Tom Bearden.
With due respect I wish to inform you about my comments in AW&ST (March 22, 2004). Unfortunately and for reasons unknown your name (Thomas E. Bearden) was withdrawn from my original text. I.e. {... was granted U.S. patent # 6,362,718, on Mar. 26, 2002.} & {...active vacuum, and was developed by a team led by Dr. Thomas E. Bearden.}
The same goes for my next comment in AW&ST (May 17, 2004), where I suggested reading the well-founded analysis on ZPE, Energy From The Vacuum, written by Bearden. Please see my following e-mail.
Kind regards,
Jan Riis-Christensen
================================
Text as printed (March 22, 2004):
ZPE would zap fossil fuels Your editorial on "zero point energy" (ZPE) describes the research and development situation in unduly restrained terms (AW&ST Mar. 1. p. 50). In fact, this is one field of development in which the U.S. Energy Dept. has deliberately chosen not to serve the public interest. The fossil fuel industry, besides nuclear hot-fusion R&D, is the major player behind this policy. Mainstream R&D communities are, without interference, securing federal funding. A breakthrough with the non-polluting ZPE, such as the over-unity extracting of electrical energy from the active vacuum, would bring a rapid loss of prominence to fossil fuel production and consumption of its goods and services. Worthy of note is the motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG). This over-unity device was granted a U.S. patent on Mar. 26, 2002. The MEG efficiently derives useful electromagnetic energy from the active vacuum.
Jan Riis Christensen
Oslo, Norway
===============================
'Correspondence', AW&ST May 17, 2004:
PART OF ECONOMIC STRATEGY
Regarding John Lynch's belief that a zero point energy system is an oxymoron violating the First Law of Thermodynamics (AW&ST Apr. 19, p., in certain commanding financial levels this point of view is part of an economic strategy. Legitimate over-unity devices are already operational and extracting electromagnetic (EM) energy from the active vacuum - without violation of any known laws of physics.
The conservation of energy - First Law of Thermodynamics - is a statement of macroscopic experience. Two types of energy in transition are listed: heat and work. The dissipation of energy is work, not the energy itself. In the up-to-date EM model, over-unity is a statement of reasons in which additional joules of work are performed by each joule of input energy. The broken symmetry of an exchange was shown to be true in 1957 with the Nobel Prize to Lee and Yang.
Jan Riis-Christensen
Oslo, Norway
_____________________________________
LYNCH ON THE ZPE MARK
Thermodynamics is alive and well but not living in the zero point energy community. Reader John Lynch is on the mark. Further, even if he were wrong, the Second Law of Thermodynamics excludes using conversion of random energy fluctuations into useful power. The late James Clerk Maxwell proposed the existence of "a demon" that could convert random motion of gas molecules into useful energy. He then proved such a demon could not exist. Maxwell also might devise a demon to show that ZPE is not convertible into useful energy.
Eugene E. Covert
Cambridge, Mass.
This is really something !!! Here we go again with the wrong interpretation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics! I'm mailing this to Thomas E. Bearden. This comment should not stand unanswered.
Jan Riis-Christensen
_____________________________________
Original Message
From: Jan Riis-christensen
To: webmaster@cheniere.org
Sent: Thursday, May 20, 2004 11:37 AM
Subject: RE: Letter to the Managing Editor, Aviation Week & Space
Technology
Tony Craddock,
If Thomas Bearden wishes to comment on ZPE, there are two possible alternatives as I see it. Either a letter shorter than 200 words for the 'Correspondence' column, or (even better) a special article (one page) under 'Viewpoint'. Mail to awstletters@aviationweek.com. It is worth trying - for sure !
Kind regards,
Jan Riis-Christensen
Original Message
From: A.J. Craddock
Sent: Monday, May 24, 2004 2:38 AM
Subject: Fwd: RE: Aviation Week & Space Technology.
Jan,
Rather useless to send in anything; AW&ST would never develop the source-charge problem, nor discuss it, nor discuss the present Maxwell-Heaviside model assumption that every joule of EM energy in the universe is and has been freely created from nothing, by those source charges.
It just is not possible to have any kind of meaningful dialog in such media. Understand, AW&ST does a good job in things like aerospace, etc. But to my knowledge, they have never had a single article pointing out the foundations assumptions in Maxwell-Heaviside classical electrodynamics and electrical engineering.
Really cannot blame AW&ST! They turn to the scientific community, and the scientists assure them that everything is already known in that model.
But I still have not found a single textbook which does list the foundations assumptions, and does then point out which ones have been falsified by particle physics since the 1865 paper of James Clerk Maxwell.
Heck, they appear not to realize that no such thing as a force field exists in space, even though the EE and CEM model assumes such. (That, of course, assumes a material ether). They do not recognize that Newton's first law is the law of perpetual motion, and that experiments with persistent superconducting currents initiated in shorted superconductor circuits will circulate indefinitely. Statistically, the estimate of the half- life of the current is 10exp23 years -- an incredible period of time nearly unimaginably greater than the entire life of the universe to date.
One can buy a little kit for a few hundred dollars, and do one's own perpetual motion experiment at will.
And the Second Law of thermodynamics as written applies only to equilibrium systems (which is the condition of maximum entropy). Anytime the system is taken into disequilibrium, it automatically reduces its entropy, which is a negative entropy operation, permissibly violating the equilibrium Second Law because equilibrium no longer applies.
Best wishes,
Tom Bearden
www.rumormillnews.com/cgi-bin/archive.cgi?read=49778
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18 years 11 months ago #12904
by cosmicsurfer
Gravitational (temporal) energy is radiated from these devices. As a consequence, FREE ENERGY, or excess electrical energy in the form of NEGATIVE ENERGY is extracted during the demagnetization phase of the inductive magnetization/demagnetization cycle, or during the discharge phase of the capacitive charge/discharge cycle. This is known as the Gravitational Amplification Process or GAP. The mass is reduced and the flow of time is faster during the demagnetization or discharge phase as shown above. Mass returns to normal after the demagnetization or discharge phase.
So, all of these metrics or parameters that are confined within space-time are affected, and includes:
Mass M.
Capacitance C.
Inductance L.
Volume V.
These same metrics curve across a decreased gravitational field:
Mass decreases, M - DM.
Capacitance decreases, C - DC.
Inductance decreases, L - DL.
Volume increases, V + DV.
Excess electrical energy where COP > 1.0 is extracted during demagnetization or discharge phase and then, original mass is restored from the active vacuum.
FREE ENERGY devices run faster in time, so therefore, are considered to be relativistic devices!
www.intalek.com/Index/Projects/Library/Library.htm
Replied by cosmicsurfer on topic Reply from John Rickey
Gravitational (temporal) energy is radiated from these devices. As a consequence, FREE ENERGY, or excess electrical energy in the form of NEGATIVE ENERGY is extracted during the demagnetization phase of the inductive magnetization/demagnetization cycle, or during the discharge phase of the capacitive charge/discharge cycle. This is known as the Gravitational Amplification Process or GAP. The mass is reduced and the flow of time is faster during the demagnetization or discharge phase as shown above. Mass returns to normal after the demagnetization or discharge phase.
So, all of these metrics or parameters that are confined within space-time are affected, and includes:
Mass M.
Capacitance C.
Inductance L.
Volume V.
These same metrics curve across a decreased gravitational field:
Mass decreases, M - DM.
Capacitance decreases, C - DC.
Inductance decreases, L - DL.
Volume increases, V + DV.
Excess electrical energy where COP > 1.0 is extracted during demagnetization or discharge phase and then, original mass is restored from the active vacuum.
FREE ENERGY devices run faster in time, so therefore, are considered to be relativistic devices!
www.intalek.com/Index/Projects/Library/Library.htm
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18 years 11 months ago #13006
by cosmicsurfer
ASTROPHYSICS CHALLENGED BY DARK ENERGY FINDING
By Ray Villard
Special to SPACE.com
posted: 07:00 am ET
10 April 2001
A strange repulsive force of "dark energy" pervades every nook and cranny of the universe, a team of scientists said earlier this month, but the force not only pushes against the master force of gravity -- it also has astrophysicists' heads spinning.
While gravity gently binds planets, stars and galaxies together, dark energy tugs on the fabric of time and space, pushing galaxies apart ever faster and faster into the farthest reaches of the universe.
The evidence came in a recent Hubble space telescope observation of the most distant supernova (exploding star) ever detected. The record-breaking supernova appears brighter than it should if the universe had been expanding at a steady rate. The new finding suggests that a decelerating universe holds galaxies relatively close together and objects in them would have appeared brighter because they would be closer.
The trouble is that with this finding and others in the past three years, the universe is beginning to look like a complex witch's brew of dark energy, normal matter and dark matter (an invisible exotic form of matter).
"This starts to look incredibly ugly and complicated," says Mario Livio of the Space Telescope Science Institute. "I even wonder if we are we asking right questions."
{I AGREE, WE ARE NOT ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS}
'New ocean of discovery'
For other scientists, the new finding holds promise for astrophysics. Morris Aizenman, a senior science associate with the National Science Foundation, was so moved by the finding that he likened it to a Keats poem about Cortez' first sighting of the Pacific Ocean.
"It's an entire new ocean of discovery we're about to set out on and I feel that it's an extraordinary opportunity for the physics and astronomy community as we really start probing everything from the structure of an atom to the entire structure of the universe," Aizenman said. "It's all part of the same question."
The dark energy finding closes a loophole left by the second-greatest cosmological finding of the past century -- that the universe is not merely expanding (this is Edwin Hubble's finding of the 1920s, widely noted as the greatest cosmological finding of the past 100 years) but its expansion is accelerating.
Merely a year ago many astronomers were skeptical that the universe was accelerating, despite supernovae (exploded star) observations published in 1998 that suggested space is expanding faster today than long ago just the opposite of conventional cosmological wisdom.
{"EXPANDING FASTER TODAY" KIND OF PUTS A KINK IN THE OLD BIG BANG THEORY DOES'NT IT?}
Now, the observation of the farthest supernova ever detected now puts a "big nail in the coffin of alternative theories," says astrophysicist Michael Turner of the University of Chicago.
The dark energy confirmation comes on the heels of other closed loopholes that have shaken up the astrophysics world and lent more support to the accelerating universe idea. For instance, in the past three years, scientists have discovered that the universe is basically flat. This finding and others are knocking down an explanation for variations in the brightness of supernovae -- that some type of cosmic dust simply absorbs the light.
{THE EARTH SEEMS FLAT ALSO, BUT OF COURSE WE KNOW NOW THAT IT IS NOT. GEE, I WONDER IF THE "FLATNESS" OF UNIVERSE IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT WE CANNOT STEP BACK FAR ENOUGH TO SEE THAT THE UNIVERSE ACTUALLY HAS CURVATURE AND ROTATION?}
Upheaval for physics
Saul Perlmutter, who headed up the first group to publish its findings on the accelerating universe three years ago, said the confirmation of dark energy will spark an entirely new brand of physics.
{"A NEW BRAND OF PHYSICS?" IT'S ABOUT TIME. OF COURSE IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT TIME AND DIMENSIONAL TIME DOMAINS, BUT WE HAVE FAILED MISERABLY TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE UNIVERSE CANNOT EVEN EXIST IF TIME DID NOT HAVE TWO DIRECTIONS TO SUPPORT A CONDENSATION MATRIX THAT HAS CURVATURE AND ROTATION}
"Dark energy is something we have no clue as to what is causing it, and it doesn't fit into current physics theories, and they have to develop new approaches to explain it," said Perlmutter, an astrophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "That's exciting. It's rare that we get to do this."
{TIME FUNNELS TIME AT FTL SPEEDS FORMING A GRAVITY VORTEX AROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF ALL MATTER IN THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE AS A SUBSET OF THESE HIGHER FREQUENCIES. ARE WE ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS? NO!!! BECAUSE THERE STILL IS ZERO EXPLANATION FOR ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE. DOES TIME SPEED UP AROUND GRAVITY WELLS AS HIGH FREQUENCY TIME WAVES THAT ARE 20 BILLION TIMES THE SPEED OF LIGHT SLOWDOWN? DO MASSIVE BLACK HOLES THAT FORM AROUND THE CENTER OF GALAXIES ACTUALLY MOVE INTO EXTREME FORWARD TIME BEYOUND THE EVENT HORIZON? DOES, TIME FUNNEL BACKWARDS AS JETS OF ANTIMATTER FROM THE CENTER OF NEO STAR FORMATION DIPOLES AND GALACTIC BLACK HOLES?}
In 1917, Albert Einstein first imagined a repulsive force pervading space, which later came to be called the "cosmological constant." Like a 20th-century version of the mythological Atlas, Einstein sought to shore up the universe by keeping stars from falling together under gravity. Einstein fudged his relativity equations to add a repulsive force under certain conditions in space. This would keep the universe eternally balanced at a "steady state."
When astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe wasnt static but expanding, Einstein abandoned his cosmological constant and called it his biggest blunder. Astronomers kept Einsteins "fudge factor" locked away as a closet skeleton for decades.
"Now I have to take dark energy seriously whether I want to or not," said physicist Michael Dine of University of California, Santa Cruz.
Livio agreed. "Dark energy now becomes very central to our ideas about the universe," he said.
{DARK ENERGY IS A CONSTRUCT THAT EVOLVED OUT OF BIG BANG THINKING, IT IS JUST AN ARTIFACT OF WRONG ASSUMPTIONS AND DOES NOT EVEN ADDRESS HOW ENERGY INTERACTS WITH FORWARD AND REVERSE TIME DOMAINS}
In 1917, Albert Einstein first imagined a repulsive force pervading space, which later came to be called the "cosmological constant." Like a 20th-century version of the mythological Atlas, Einstein sought to shore up the universe by keeping stars from falling together under gravity. Einstein fudged his relativity equations to add a repulsive force under certain conditions in space. This would keep the universe eternally balanced at a "steady state."
When astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe wasnt static but expanding, Einstein abandoned his cosmological constant and called it his biggest blunder. Astronomers kept Einsteins "fudge factor" locked away as a closet skeleton for decades.
"Now I have to take dark energy seriously whether I want to or not," said physicist Michael Dine of University of California, Santa Cruz.
Livio agreed. "Dark energy now becomes very central to our ideas about the universe," he said.
Percolating energy and quintessence
Although physicists have yet to say what dark energy is, they have some ideas about where it came from. Some say it could percolate from the vacuum of space. Laboratory experiments show that seemingly empty space is actually seething with virtual particles that wink in and out of existence.
{GOOD BYE ENTROPY??? ENERGY MUST COME FROM SOME SORT OF INTERACTION, BUT FROM A VACUUM THAT APPEARS EMPTY? MAKES YOU WONDER IF WE TOTALLY ARE WRONG ABOUT A LOT OF ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING POWER STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE}
This perpetually bubbling vacuum provides energy that could take the form of a repulsive "negative gravity," some say. The problem is that this vacuum-energy as calculated would be so absurdly powerful that it would have blown apart the universe very long ago. One way out is to assume that the vacuum-energy vastly weakens over time and is not constant as imagined by Einstein.
This leads to another idea called "quintessence" (for "fifth essence") which proposes a repulsive field embedded in space, not unlike a gravitational field or a magnetic field.
Under that hypothesis, the field was created in the early moments of the universe along with the other forces in nature, and now stretches across the universe like a spider web. As the universe expanded and cooled, gravity and quintessence were locked in an arm wrestle for dominance over space. Both fields weakened with the universes expansion. But ultimately quintessence won out over gravity and took control to push galaxies apart.
{PERPETUALLY BUBBLING VACUUM? SPIDERWEBS? ARM WRESTLING FORCES THAT JUST APPEAR AND JUST EXACTLY HOW DID THAT HAPPEN? SINGULAR THINKING, TRAPPED IN THIS BIG BANG IDEOLOGY THAT IS FLAT WITH ZERO MENTION OF TIME, AND NO CAUSATION FOR THE BUBBLING SEETHING AND MATTER FORMING EPISODIC BEHAVIOR? WRONG, ENERGY CAN BE HOT OR COLD AND HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH COOLING OF UNIVERSE BUT WITH MASS INTERACTING WITH MOTION OF TIME. "QUINTESSENCE WON AS THE REPULSIVE FORCE AGAINST GRAVITY," HMMM ALMOST SOUNDS LIKE MAGIC TO ME.}
Laissez-faire astrophysics
Other astronomers simply say, "Why worry?" Dark energy is just a basic feature of the universe. Trying to explain it is as pointless as trying to explain why Earth was the right distance from the Sun for life to develop. It just turned out that way; if it didnt we wouldnt be here to ask the question.
Historically, successful scientific theories are assembled from the simplest ideas. In the case of dark energy the simpler explanation is that dark matter -- as-yet-unidentified particles that comprise the bulk of the universe's mass -- and dark energy are really manifestations of a new theory of gravity. Maybe gravity weakens over time. Or, maybe the gravitational force leaks into unknown dimensions of the universe, mimicking the effects of eerie "dark stuff" in space.
Astronomers plan to look at more distant supernovae to precisely track how the universes expansion rate has changed, and this hopefully will narrow the dark energy alternatives.
"The dark energy mystery may be answered only by precision astronomical observations and not in the physics lab," says Turner. "One of our goals is to test for dark energy and see if this is preposterous because we are just dead wrong, or find out that we really do live in a preposterous universe."
www.space.com/scienceastronomy/generalsc...rgy_folo_010410.html
The problem here is that we are not asking the correct questions, so we are getting the wrong answers. If the premises of your science are incorrect in the first place, then the results of any further inquery will also be wrong.
"Do we live in a preposterous Universe?"
John
Replied by cosmicsurfer on topic Reply from John Rickey
ASTROPHYSICS CHALLENGED BY DARK ENERGY FINDING
By Ray Villard
Special to SPACE.com
posted: 07:00 am ET
10 April 2001
A strange repulsive force of "dark energy" pervades every nook and cranny of the universe, a team of scientists said earlier this month, but the force not only pushes against the master force of gravity -- it also has astrophysicists' heads spinning.
While gravity gently binds planets, stars and galaxies together, dark energy tugs on the fabric of time and space, pushing galaxies apart ever faster and faster into the farthest reaches of the universe.
The evidence came in a recent Hubble space telescope observation of the most distant supernova (exploding star) ever detected. The record-breaking supernova appears brighter than it should if the universe had been expanding at a steady rate. The new finding suggests that a decelerating universe holds galaxies relatively close together and objects in them would have appeared brighter because they would be closer.
The trouble is that with this finding and others in the past three years, the universe is beginning to look like a complex witch's brew of dark energy, normal matter and dark matter (an invisible exotic form of matter).
"This starts to look incredibly ugly and complicated," says Mario Livio of the Space Telescope Science Institute. "I even wonder if we are we asking right questions."
{I AGREE, WE ARE NOT ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS}
'New ocean of discovery'
For other scientists, the new finding holds promise for astrophysics. Morris Aizenman, a senior science associate with the National Science Foundation, was so moved by the finding that he likened it to a Keats poem about Cortez' first sighting of the Pacific Ocean.
"It's an entire new ocean of discovery we're about to set out on and I feel that it's an extraordinary opportunity for the physics and astronomy community as we really start probing everything from the structure of an atom to the entire structure of the universe," Aizenman said. "It's all part of the same question."
The dark energy finding closes a loophole left by the second-greatest cosmological finding of the past century -- that the universe is not merely expanding (this is Edwin Hubble's finding of the 1920s, widely noted as the greatest cosmological finding of the past 100 years) but its expansion is accelerating.
Merely a year ago many astronomers were skeptical that the universe was accelerating, despite supernovae (exploded star) observations published in 1998 that suggested space is expanding faster today than long ago just the opposite of conventional cosmological wisdom.
{"EXPANDING FASTER TODAY" KIND OF PUTS A KINK IN THE OLD BIG BANG THEORY DOES'NT IT?}
Now, the observation of the farthest supernova ever detected now puts a "big nail in the coffin of alternative theories," says astrophysicist Michael Turner of the University of Chicago.
The dark energy confirmation comes on the heels of other closed loopholes that have shaken up the astrophysics world and lent more support to the accelerating universe idea. For instance, in the past three years, scientists have discovered that the universe is basically flat. This finding and others are knocking down an explanation for variations in the brightness of supernovae -- that some type of cosmic dust simply absorbs the light.
{THE EARTH SEEMS FLAT ALSO, BUT OF COURSE WE KNOW NOW THAT IT IS NOT. GEE, I WONDER IF THE "FLATNESS" OF UNIVERSE IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT WE CANNOT STEP BACK FAR ENOUGH TO SEE THAT THE UNIVERSE ACTUALLY HAS CURVATURE AND ROTATION?}
Upheaval for physics
Saul Perlmutter, who headed up the first group to publish its findings on the accelerating universe three years ago, said the confirmation of dark energy will spark an entirely new brand of physics.
{"A NEW BRAND OF PHYSICS?" IT'S ABOUT TIME. OF COURSE IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT TIME AND DIMENSIONAL TIME DOMAINS, BUT WE HAVE FAILED MISERABLY TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE UNIVERSE CANNOT EVEN EXIST IF TIME DID NOT HAVE TWO DIRECTIONS TO SUPPORT A CONDENSATION MATRIX THAT HAS CURVATURE AND ROTATION}
"Dark energy is something we have no clue as to what is causing it, and it doesn't fit into current physics theories, and they have to develop new approaches to explain it," said Perlmutter, an astrophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "That's exciting. It's rare that we get to do this."
{TIME FUNNELS TIME AT FTL SPEEDS FORMING A GRAVITY VORTEX AROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF ALL MATTER IN THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE AS A SUBSET OF THESE HIGHER FREQUENCIES. ARE WE ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS? NO!!! BECAUSE THERE STILL IS ZERO EXPLANATION FOR ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE. DOES TIME SPEED UP AROUND GRAVITY WELLS AS HIGH FREQUENCY TIME WAVES THAT ARE 20 BILLION TIMES THE SPEED OF LIGHT SLOWDOWN? DO MASSIVE BLACK HOLES THAT FORM AROUND THE CENTER OF GALAXIES ACTUALLY MOVE INTO EXTREME FORWARD TIME BEYOUND THE EVENT HORIZON? DOES, TIME FUNNEL BACKWARDS AS JETS OF ANTIMATTER FROM THE CENTER OF NEO STAR FORMATION DIPOLES AND GALACTIC BLACK HOLES?}
In 1917, Albert Einstein first imagined a repulsive force pervading space, which later came to be called the "cosmological constant." Like a 20th-century version of the mythological Atlas, Einstein sought to shore up the universe by keeping stars from falling together under gravity. Einstein fudged his relativity equations to add a repulsive force under certain conditions in space. This would keep the universe eternally balanced at a "steady state."
When astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe wasnt static but expanding, Einstein abandoned his cosmological constant and called it his biggest blunder. Astronomers kept Einsteins "fudge factor" locked away as a closet skeleton for decades.
"Now I have to take dark energy seriously whether I want to or not," said physicist Michael Dine of University of California, Santa Cruz.
Livio agreed. "Dark energy now becomes very central to our ideas about the universe," he said.
{DARK ENERGY IS A CONSTRUCT THAT EVOLVED OUT OF BIG BANG THINKING, IT IS JUST AN ARTIFACT OF WRONG ASSUMPTIONS AND DOES NOT EVEN ADDRESS HOW ENERGY INTERACTS WITH FORWARD AND REVERSE TIME DOMAINS}
In 1917, Albert Einstein first imagined a repulsive force pervading space, which later came to be called the "cosmological constant." Like a 20th-century version of the mythological Atlas, Einstein sought to shore up the universe by keeping stars from falling together under gravity. Einstein fudged his relativity equations to add a repulsive force under certain conditions in space. This would keep the universe eternally balanced at a "steady state."
When astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe wasnt static but expanding, Einstein abandoned his cosmological constant and called it his biggest blunder. Astronomers kept Einsteins "fudge factor" locked away as a closet skeleton for decades.
"Now I have to take dark energy seriously whether I want to or not," said physicist Michael Dine of University of California, Santa Cruz.
Livio agreed. "Dark energy now becomes very central to our ideas about the universe," he said.
Percolating energy and quintessence
Although physicists have yet to say what dark energy is, they have some ideas about where it came from. Some say it could percolate from the vacuum of space. Laboratory experiments show that seemingly empty space is actually seething with virtual particles that wink in and out of existence.
{GOOD BYE ENTROPY??? ENERGY MUST COME FROM SOME SORT OF INTERACTION, BUT FROM A VACUUM THAT APPEARS EMPTY? MAKES YOU WONDER IF WE TOTALLY ARE WRONG ABOUT A LOT OF ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING POWER STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE}
This perpetually bubbling vacuum provides energy that could take the form of a repulsive "negative gravity," some say. The problem is that this vacuum-energy as calculated would be so absurdly powerful that it would have blown apart the universe very long ago. One way out is to assume that the vacuum-energy vastly weakens over time and is not constant as imagined by Einstein.
This leads to another idea called "quintessence" (for "fifth essence") which proposes a repulsive field embedded in space, not unlike a gravitational field or a magnetic field.
Under that hypothesis, the field was created in the early moments of the universe along with the other forces in nature, and now stretches across the universe like a spider web. As the universe expanded and cooled, gravity and quintessence were locked in an arm wrestle for dominance over space. Both fields weakened with the universes expansion. But ultimately quintessence won out over gravity and took control to push galaxies apart.
{PERPETUALLY BUBBLING VACUUM? SPIDERWEBS? ARM WRESTLING FORCES THAT JUST APPEAR AND JUST EXACTLY HOW DID THAT HAPPEN? SINGULAR THINKING, TRAPPED IN THIS BIG BANG IDEOLOGY THAT IS FLAT WITH ZERO MENTION OF TIME, AND NO CAUSATION FOR THE BUBBLING SEETHING AND MATTER FORMING EPISODIC BEHAVIOR? WRONG, ENERGY CAN BE HOT OR COLD AND HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH COOLING OF UNIVERSE BUT WITH MASS INTERACTING WITH MOTION OF TIME. "QUINTESSENCE WON AS THE REPULSIVE FORCE AGAINST GRAVITY," HMMM ALMOST SOUNDS LIKE MAGIC TO ME.}
Laissez-faire astrophysics
Other astronomers simply say, "Why worry?" Dark energy is just a basic feature of the universe. Trying to explain it is as pointless as trying to explain why Earth was the right distance from the Sun for life to develop. It just turned out that way; if it didnt we wouldnt be here to ask the question.
Historically, successful scientific theories are assembled from the simplest ideas. In the case of dark energy the simpler explanation is that dark matter -- as-yet-unidentified particles that comprise the bulk of the universe's mass -- and dark energy are really manifestations of a new theory of gravity. Maybe gravity weakens over time. Or, maybe the gravitational force leaks into unknown dimensions of the universe, mimicking the effects of eerie "dark stuff" in space.
Astronomers plan to look at more distant supernovae to precisely track how the universes expansion rate has changed, and this hopefully will narrow the dark energy alternatives.
"The dark energy mystery may be answered only by precision astronomical observations and not in the physics lab," says Turner. "One of our goals is to test for dark energy and see if this is preposterous because we are just dead wrong, or find out that we really do live in a preposterous universe."
www.space.com/scienceastronomy/generalsc...rgy_folo_010410.html
The problem here is that we are not asking the correct questions, so we are getting the wrong answers. If the premises of your science are incorrect in the first place, then the results of any further inquery will also be wrong.
"Do we live in a preposterous Universe?"
John
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18 years 11 months ago #12929
by cosmicsurfer
Replied by cosmicsurfer on topic Reply from John Rickey
ANTIGRAVITY PATENT GRANTED: DOES THIS MEAN THAT FULL DISCLOSURE IS JUST AROUND THE CORNER?
United States Patent 6,960,975
Volfson November 1, 2005
Space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state
Abstract
A space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state is provided comprising a hollow superconductive shield, an inner shield, a power source, a support structure, upper and lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and a flux modulation controller. A cooled hollow superconductive shield is energized by an electromagnetic field resulting in the quantized vortices of lattice ions projecting a gravitomagnetic field that forms a spacetime curvature anomaly outside the space vehicle. The spacetime curvature imbalance, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, provides for the space vehicle's propulsion. The space vehicle, surrounded by the spacetime anomaly, may move at a speed approaching the light-speed characteristic for the modified locale.
Inventors: Volfson; Boris (5707 W. Maple Grove Rd., Apt. 3046, Huntington, IN 46750)
Appl. No.: 079670
Filed: March 14, 2005
Current U.S. Class: 335/216; 60/200.1
Intern'l Class: H01F 006/00; F03H 005/00
Field of Search: 335/216 60/200.1
References Cited [Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
3626605 Dec., 1971 Wallace.
3626606 Dec., 1971 Wallace.
3823570 Jul., 1974 Wallace.
5197279 Mar., 1993 Taylor.
6353311 Mar., 2002 Brainard et al.
Other References
M.T. French, "To the Stars by Electromagnetic Propulsion", www.mtjf.demon.co.uk/antigravp2.htm#cforce .
Evgeny Podkletnov, "Weak Gravitational Shielding Properties of Composite Bulk YBa2Cu33O(7-x) Superconductor Below 70K Under E.M. Field", LANL database number cond-mat/9701074, v. 3, 10 pages, Sep. 16, 1997.
N. LI & D.G. Torr, "Effects of a Gravitomagnetic Field on Pure Superconductors", Physical Review, vol. 43, p. 457, 3 pages, Jan. 15, 1991.
Evgeny Podkletnov, Giovanni Modanese "Impulse Gravity Generator Based on Charged YBa2Cu33O7-y Superconductor with Composite Crystal Structure", arXiv.org/physics database, #0108005 vol. 2, 32 pages, 8 figures, Aug. 30, 2001.
S. Kopeikin & E. Fomalont, "General Relativistic Model for Experimental Measurement of the Speed of Propagation of Gravity by VLBI", Proceedings of the 6th European VLBI Network Symposium Jun. 25-28, 2002, Bonn, Germany, 4 pages.
Sean M. Carroll, "The Cosmological Constant", pancake.uchicago.edu/˜carroll/encyc/ , 6 pages.
Chris Y. Taylor and Giovanni Modanese, "Evaluation of an Impulse Gravity Generator Based Beamed Propulsion Concept", American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2002.
Peter L. Skeggs, "Engineering Analysis of the Podkletnov Gravity Shielding Experiment", Quantum Forum, Nov. 7, 1997, http://www.inetarena'.com/˜noetic/pls/podlev.html).
Primary Examiner: Barrera; Ramon M.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENSE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/633,778 filed on Aug. 4, 2003, now abandoned.
Claims
1. A space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state is claimed comprising:
a hollow superconductive shield,
an inner shield, the inner shield disposed inside said hollow superconductive shield, said inner shield comprising an upper shell and a lower shell,
a support structure, the support structure disposed between said hollow superconductive shield and said inner shield concentrically to said hollow superconductive shield, said support structure comprised of an upper rotating element and a lower rotating element,
upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field disposed between said hollow superconductive shield and said upper shell, affixed to said upper rotating element at an electromagnetic field-penetrable distance to said hollow superconductive shield,
lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field disposed between said hollow superconductive shield and said lower shell, affixed to said lower rotating element at an electromagnetic field-penetrable distance to said hollow superconductive shield,
electric motors, the electric motors disposed inside said hollow superconductive shield along the central axis of said hollow superconductive shield,
a power source, the power source disposed inside said hollow superconductive shield, said power source electrically connected with said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and said electric motors,
life-support equipment, the life-support equipment disposed inside said inner shield,
a flux modulation controller, the flux modulation controller disposed inside said inner shield, said flux modulation controller in communication with said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, said power source, and said electric motors, and
a crew, the crew disposed inside said inner shield accessibly to said life-support and said flux modulation controller.
2. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said hollow superconductive shield is composed of a high-temperature ceramic superconductor with a composite crystal structure, and is cooled to a temperature of about 40 degrees K.
3. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said inner shield is composed of insulating materials such as foamed ceramics.
4. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said power source is a nuclear generator.
5. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said flux modulation controller is a computer.
6. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said upper rotating element and said lower rotating element are pivoted, urged to rotate by said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and said electric motors.
7. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said hollow superconductive shield is pivoted and urged to rotate by said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and said electric motors.
8. A method for generating pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is claimed comprising the following steps, some occurring simultaneously:
providing a space vehicle comprising a hollow superconductive shield, an inner shield, a support structure, upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, electric motors, a power source, life-support equipment, a flux modulation controller, and a crew,
generating electrical energy in said power source,
converting said electrical energy into an electromagnetic field in said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field,
converting said electrical energy into mechanical energy in said electrical motors,
rotating said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field relative to said hollow superconductive shield,
converting said electromagnetic field into a gravitomagnetic field in said hollow superconductive shield,
propagating said gravitomagnetic field outward, orthogonal to the walls of said hollow superconductive shield, and
forming a pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state in the area of propagation of said gravitomagnetic field, the pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state comprised of an area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density in front of said space vehicle and an area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density behind said vehicle,
whereby said space vehicle is urged to move from said area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density toward said area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is a substantially droplet-shaped anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state provided by the propagation of a gravitomagnetic field radiating orthogonally away from the front of said hollow superconductive shield,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance where the lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pulling said space vehicle forward.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is a substantially droplet-shaped anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state provided by the propagation of a gravitomagnetic field radiating orthogonally away from the back of said hollow superconductive shield,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance where the elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pushing said space vehicle forward.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is comprised of a substantially droplet-shaped anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state and a substantially droplet-shaped anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance where the lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pulling, and the elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pushing, said space vehicle forward.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is a substantially egg-shaped anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state provided by the unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field propagated in all directions orthogonally away from said hollow superconductive shield with an area of lowest vacuum pressure density disposed directly in front said space vehicle,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance such that the lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pulling said space vehicle forward in modified spacetime.
13. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is a substantially egg-shaped anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state provided by the unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field propagated in all directions orthogonally away from said hollow superconductive shield with an area of highest vacuum pressure density disposed directly behind said space vehicle,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance such that the highest pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pushing said space vehicle forward in modified spacetime at a speed possibly approaching a local light-speed, the local light-speed which may be substantially higher than the light-speed in the ambient space.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The technical field of this disclosure represents space vehicles propelled by the electro-magnetically changed properties of vacuum, particularly the pressure of inflationary vacuum state.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The existence of a magnetic-like gravitational field has been well established by physicists for general relativity, gravitational theories, and cosmology. The consequences of the effect of electromagnetically-affected gravity could be substantial and have many practical applications, particularly in aviation and space exploration.
There are methods known for converting electromagnetism into a propulsive force that potentially generates a large propulsive thrust. According to these methods, the machine thrust is produced by rotating, reciprocating masses in the following ways: centrifugal thrust, momentum thrust, and impulse thrust. ("To the Stars by Electromagnetic Propulsion", M. T. French, www.mtjf.demon.co.uk/antigravp2.htm#cforce ).
However, the electromagnetic propulsion in an ambient space, or space that is not artificially modified, is not practical for interstellar travel because of the great distances involved. No interstellar travel is feasible without some form of distortion of space. In turn, no alteration of space is possible without the corresponding deformation of time. Gravitomagnetic alteration of space, resulting in the spacetime curvature anomaly that could propel the space vehicle, could be a feasible approach to future space travel.
In the late 1940s, H. B. G. Casimir proved that the vacuum is neither particle nor field-free. It is a source of zero-point-fluctuation (ZPF) of fields such as the vacuum gravitomagnetic field. ZPF fields lead to real, measurable physical consequences such as the Casimir force. The quantized hand-made electromagnetic processes, such as those occurring in superconductors, affect the similarly quantized ZPFs. The most likely reason is the electron-positron creation and annihilation, in part corresponding to the "polarization effect" sited by Evgeny Podkletnov in explaining the gravitomagnetic effect reportedly observed by him in 1992. ("Weak Gravitational Shielding Properties of Composite Bulk YBa2Cu33O(7-x) Superconductor Below 70 K Under E.M. Field", Evgeny Podkletnov, LANL database number cond-mat/9701074, v. 3, 10 pages, 16 Sep. 1997).
The investigation of gravitomagnetism, however, started well before Podkletnov. In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,626,605, Henry Wm. Wallace describes an experimental apparatus for generating and detecting a secondary gravitational field. He also shows how a time-varying gravitomagnetic field can be used to shield the primary background of a gravitoelectric field.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,626,606, Henry Wm. Wallace provides a variation of his earlier experiment. A type III-V semiconductor material, of which both components have unpaired nuclear spin, is used as an electronic detector for the gravitomagnetic field. The experiment demonstrates that the material in his gravitomagnetic field circuit has hysterisis and remanence effects analogous to magnetic materials.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,823,570, Henry Wm. Wallace provides an additional variation of his experiment. Wallace demonstrates that, by aligning the nuclear spin of materials having an odd number of nucleons, a change in specific heat occurs.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 5,197,279, James R. Taylor discloses Electromagnetic Propulsion Engine where solenoidal windings generate an electromagnetic field that, without the conversion into a gravitomagnetic field, generates the thrust necessary for the propulsion.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 6,353,311 B1, John P. Brainard et al. offer a controversial theory of Universal Particle Flux Field, and in order to prove it empirically, provide a shaded motor-type device. This device is also intended for extracting energy from this hypothetical Field.
In the early 1980s, Sidney Coleman and F. de Luca noted that the Einsteinean postulate of a homogeneous Universe, while correct in general, ignores quantized local fluctuation of the pressure of inflationary vacuum state, this fluctuation causing local cosmic calamities. While the massless particles propagate through large portions of Universe at light speed, these anomaly bubbles, depending on their low or high relative vacuum density, cause a local increase or decrease of the propagation values for these particles. Scientists disagree about the possibility, and possible ways, to artificially create models of such anomalies.
In the early 1990s, Ning Li and D. G Torr described a method and means for converting an electromagnetic field into a gravitomagnetic field. Li and Torr suggested that, under the proper conditions, the minuscule force fields of superconducting atoms can "couple", compounding in strength to the point where they can produce a repulsion force ("Effects of a Gravitomagnetic Field on Pure Superconductors", N. Li and D. G. Torr, Physical Review, Volume 43, Page 457, 3 pages, 15 Jan. 1991).
A series of experiments, performed in the early 1990s by Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, reportedly resulted in a reduction of the weights of objects placed above a levitating, rotating superconductive disk subjected to high frequency magnetic fields. These results substantially support the expansion of Einstainean physics offered by Li & Torr. Podkletnov and Giovanni Modanese have provided a number of interesting theories as to why the weight reduction effect could have occurred, citing quantum gravitational effects, specifically, a local change in the cosmological constant. The cosmological constant, under ordinary circumstances, is the same everywhere. But, according to Podkletnov and Modanese, above a levitating, rotating superconductive disk exposed to high frequency magnetic fields, it is modified. ("Impulse Gravity Generator Based on Charged YBa2Cu33O7-y Superconductor with Composite Crystal Structure", Evgeny Podkletnov, Giovanni Modanese, arXiv.org/physics database, #0108005 volume 2, 32 pages, 8 figures, Aug. 30, 2001).
In the July 2004 paper, Ning Wu hypothesized that exponential decay of the gravitation gauge field, characteristic for the unstable vacuum such as that created by Podkletnov and Nieminen, is at the root of the gravitational shielding effects (Gravitational Shielding Effects in Gauge Theory of Gravity, Ning Wu, arXiv:hep-th/0307225 v 1 23 Jul. 2003, 38 pages incl. 3 figures, July 2004).
In 2002, Edward Fomalont and Sergei Kopeikin measured the speed of propagation of gravity. They confirmed that the speed of propagation of gravity matches the speed of light. ("General Relativistic Model for Experimental Measurement of the Speed of Propagation of Gravity by VLBI", S. Kopeikin and E. Fomalont, Proceedings of the 6th European VLBI Network Symposium Jun. 25-28 2002, Bonn, Germany, 4 pages).
String theory unifies gravity with all other known forces. According to String theory, all interactions are carried by fundamental particles, and all particles are just tiny loops of space itself forming the spacetime curvature. Gravity and bent space are the same thing, propagating with the speed of light characteristic of the particular curvature. In light of the Fomalont and Kopeikin discovery, one can conclude that if there is a change in the speed of propagation of gravity within the spacetime curvature, then the speed of light within the locality would also be affected.
In general relativity, any form of energy affects the gravitational field, so the vacuum energy density becomes a potentially crucial ingredient. Traditionally, the vacuum is assumed to be the same everywhere in the Universe, so the vacuum energy density is a universal number. The cosmological constant #923; is proportional to the vacuum pressure #961;#923;: #923;=(8#960;G/3c2)#961;#923;, where G is Newton's constant of gravitation and c is the speed of light ("The Cosmological Constant", Sean M. Carroll, pancake.uchicago.edu/˜carroll/encyc/ , 6 pages). Newer theories, however, permit local vacuum fluctuations where even the "universal" constants are affected: #923;1=(8#960;G1/3c12)#961;#923;1.
Analyzing physics laws defining the cosmological constant, a conclusion can be drawn that, if a levitating, rotating superconductive disk subjected to high frequency magnetic fields affects the cosmological constant within a locality, it would also affect the vacuum energy density. According to the general relativity theory, the gravitational attraction is explained as the result of the curvature of spacetime being proportional to the cosmological constant. Thus, the change in the gravitational attraction of the vacuum's subatomic particles would cause a local anomaly in the curvature of the Einsteinean spacetime.
Time is the fourth dimension. Lorentz and Einstein showed that space and time are intrinsically related. Later in his life, Einstein hypothesized that time fluctuates both locally and universally. Ruggero Santilli, recognized for expanding relativity theory, has developed the isocosmology theory, which allows for variable rates of time. Time is also a force field only detected at speeds above light speed. The energy of this force field grows as its propagation speed declines when approaching light-speed. Not just any light-speed: the light-speed of a locale. If the conditions of the locale were modified, this change would affect the local time rate relative to the rate outside the affected locale, or ambient rate. The electromagnetically-generated gravitomagnetic field could be one such locale modifier.
Analyzing the expansion of Einstainean physics offered by Li & Torr, one could conclude that gravity, time, and light speed could be altered by the application of electromagnetic force to a superconductor.
By creating a spacetime curvature anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state around a space vehicle, with the lowest vacuum pressure density located directly in front of the vehicle, a condition could be created where gravity associated with lowered vacuum pressure density pulls the vehicle forward in modified spacetime.
By creating a spacetime curvature anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state around the space vehicle, with the point of highest vacuum pressure density located directly behind the vehicle, a condition could be created where a repulsion force associated with elevated vacuum pressure density pushes the space vehicle forward in modified spacetime. From the above-mentioned cosmological constant equation, re-written as: ##EQU1##
it is clear that the increase in the vacuum pressure density could lead to a substantial increase in the light-speed. If the space vehicle is moving in the anomaly where the local light-speed is higher than the light-speed of the ambient vacuum, and if this vehicle approaches this local light-speed, the space vehicle would then possibly exceed the light-speed characteristic for the ambient area.
The levitating and rotating superconductor disk, which Podkletnov used to protect the object of experiment from the attraction produced by the energy of the vacuum, was externally energized by the externally-powered solenoid coils. Thus, Podkletnov's system is stationary by definition and not suitable for travel in air or space. Even if the superconductive disk is made part of the craft, and if it is energized by the energy available on the craft, the resulting anomaly is one-sided, not enveloping, and not providing the variable speed of light (VSL) environment for the craft.
In a recent (2002) article, Chris Y. Tailor and Modanese propose to employ an impulse gravity generator directing, from an outside location, an anomalous beam toward a spacecraft, this beam acting as a repulsion force field producing propulsion for the spacecraft. ("Evaluation of an Impulse Gravity Generator Based Beamed Propulsion Concept", Chris Y. Taylor and Giovanni Modanese, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2002, 21 pages, 10 figures). The authors of the article, however, didn't take into account the powerful quantized processes of field dispersion, which would greatly limit the distance of propagation of the repulsive force. At best, the implementation of this concept could assist in acceleration and deceleration at short distances from the impulse gravity generator, and only along a straight line of travel. If the travel goal is a space exploration mission rather than the shuttle-like commute, the proposed system is of little use.
Only a self-sufficient craft, equipped with the internal gravity generator and the internal energy source powering this generator, would have the flexibility needed to explore new frontiers of space. The modification of the spacetime curvature all around the spacecraft would allow the spacecraft to approach the light-speed characteristic for the modified locale, this light-speed, when observed from a location in the ambient space, being potentially many times higher than the ambient light-speed. Then, under sufficient local energies, that is, energies available on the spacecraft, very large intergalactic distances could be reduced to conventional planetary distances.
In "The First Men in the Moon" (1903), H. G. Wells anticipates gravitational propulsion methods when he describes gravity repelling "cavorite." Discovered by Professor Cavor, the material acts as a "gravity shield" allowing Cavor's vehicle to reach the Moon. Prof. Cavor built a large spherical gondola surrounded on all sides by cavorite shutters that could be closed or opened. When Prof. Cavor closed all the shutters facing the ground and opened the shutters facing the moon, the gondola took off for the Moon.
Until today, no cavorite has been discovered. However, recent research in the area of superconductivity, nanomaterials and quantum state of vacuum, including that of Li, Torr, Podkletnov, and Modanese, has resulted in important new information about the interaction between a gravitational field and special states of matter at a quantum level. This new research opens the possibility of using new electromagnetically-energized superconductive materials allowing stable states of energy, the materials useful not only in controlling the local gravitational fields, but also in creating new gravitomagnetic fields.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION: OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES
There are four objects of this invention:
The first object is to provide a method for generating a pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state that leads to electromagnetic propulsion.
The second object is to provide a space vehicle capable of electromagnetically-generated propulsion. The implementation of these two objects leads to the development of the space vehicle propelled by gravitational imbalance with gravity pulling, and/or antigravity pushing, the space vehicle forward.
The third object is to provide a method for generating a pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state, specifically, the local increase in the level of vacuum pressure density associated with the greater curvature of spacetime. The speed of light in such an anomaly would be higher than the speed of light in the ambient space.
The fourth object is to provide the space vehicle capable of generating an unequally-distributed external anomaly all around this vehicle, specifically the anomaly with the elevated level of vacuum pressure density. The anomaly is formed in such a way that gravity pulls the space vehicle forward in the modified spacetime at a speed possibly approaching the light-speed specific for this modified locale. If the vacuum pressure density of the locale is modified to be substantially higher than that of the ambient vacuum, the speed of the vehicle could conceivably be higher than the ambient light-speed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention concerns devices self-propelled by the artificially changed properties of the pressure of inflationary vacuum state to speeds possibly approaching the light-speed specific for this modified locale. Furthermore, this invention concerns devices capable of generating the spacetime anomaly characterized by the elevated vacuum pressure density. The devices combining these capabilities may be able to move at speeds substantially higher than the light-speed in the ambient space.
The device of this invention is a space vehicle. The outside shell of the space vehicle is formed by a hollow disk, sphere, or the like hollowed 3-dimensional shape made of a superconductor material, hereinafter a hollow superconductive shield. An inner shield is disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield. The inner shield is provided to protect crew and life-support equipment inside.
A support structure, upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and lower means for generating an electromagnetic field are disposed between the hollow superconductive shield and the inner shield. A flux modulation controller is disposed inside the inner shield to be accessible to the crew.
Electrical energy is generated in a power source disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield. The electrical energy is converted into an electromagnetic field in the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field.
Electrical motors, also disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield, convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The mechanical energy and the electromagnetic field rotate the hollow superconductive shield, and the upper and the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, against each other.
The electromagnetic field is converted into a gravitomagnetic field in the hollow superconductive shield.
The gravitomagnetic field, propagated outward, orthogonally to the walls of the hollow superconductive shield, forms a pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state in the area of propagation. The pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is comprised of an area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density in front of the space vehicle and an area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density behind the vehicle.
The difference in the vacuum pressure density propels the space vehicle of this invention forward.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through the front plane taken along the central axis of a space vehicle provided by the method and device of this invention.
FIGS. 2A & 2B are diagrams, presented as perspective views, showing some of the physical processes resulting from a dynamic application of an electromagnetic field to a hollow superconductive shield. Only one line of quantized vortices, shown out of scale, is presented for illustration purposes.
FIGS. 3A & 3B are diagrams, presented as perspective views, showing a vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state and a vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, respectively. Both anomalies are shown on the background of Universal curvature of inflationary vacuum state.
FIGS. 4A & 4B are diagrams, presented as perspective views, showing a spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state and a spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, respectively. Both anomalies are shown on the background of Universal spacetime.
FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6, 7A, & 7B are diagrams of spacetime curvature anomalies generated by the space vehicle of the current invention, these anomalies providing for the propulsion of the space vehicle.
DRAWINGS—REFERENCE NUMERALS
1 hollow superconductive shield
2 inner shield
3 upper shell
4 lower shell
5 support structure
6 upper rotating element
7 lower rotating element
8 upper means for generating an electromagnetic field
9 lower means for generating an electromagnetic field
10 flux lines
11 power source
12 life-support equipment
13 flux modulation controller
14 crew
15 clockwise shield motion vector
16 counterclockwise EMF motion vector
17 wire grid
18 clockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions
19 outward gravitomagnetic field vector
20 counterclockwise shield motion vector
21 clockwise EMF motion vector
22 counterclockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions
23 inward gravitomagnetic field vector
24 vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state
25 Universal curvature of inflationary vacuum state
26 vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state
27 spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state
28 spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state
29 Universal spacetime
30 substantially droplet-shaped spacetime curvature anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state
31 substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state
32 substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state
33 area of the lowest vacuum pressure density
34 substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state
35 area of the highest vacuum pressure density
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through the front plane taken along the central axis of a space vehicle provided by the method and device of this invention. A hollow superconductive shield 1 forms a protective outer shell of the space vehicle. The hollow superconductive shield 1 may be shaped as a hollow disk, sphere, or the like 3-dimensional geometrical figure formed by the 2-dimensional rotation of a curve around the central axis.
In the preferred embodiment, the hollow superconductive shield 1 is made of a superconductor such as YBa2Cu3O7-y, or a like high-temperature superconductor with a composite crystal structure cooled to the temperature of about 40 degrees K. The skilled in the art may envision the use of many other low- and high-temperature superconductors, all within the scope of this invention.
An inner shield 2 is disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield 1. The inner shield 2 is comprised of an upper shell 3 and a lower shell 4, the shells 3 and 4 adjoined with each other. Executed from insulation materials such as foamed ceramics, the inner shield 2 protects the environment within the shield from the electromagnetic field and severe temperatures.
A support structure 5 is disposed between the hollow superconductive shield 1 and the inner shield 2, concentric to the hollow superconductive shield. The support structure 5 is comprised of an upper rotating element 6 and a lower rotating element 7.
The upper rotating element 6 is pivotably disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield 1 and may envelope the upper shell 3. The lower rotating element 7 is pivotably disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield 1 and may envelope the lower shell 4. Even though the preferred embodiment has two rotating elements, a skilled in the art may envision only one rotating element, or three or more rotation elements, all within the scope of this invention.
Upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8 are disposed between the hollow superconductive shield 1 and the upper shell 3. The upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8 are affixed to the upper rotating element 6 at an electromagnetic field-penetrable distance to the hollow superconductive shield 1.
Lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9 are disposed between the hollow superconductive shield 1 and the lower shell 4. The lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9 are affixed to the lower rotating element 7 at an electromagnetic field-penetrable distance to the hollow superconductive shield 1.
The upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8 and the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9 could be solenoid coils or electromagnets. In the process of operation of the space vehicle, the electromagnetic field identified by flux lines 10, is controllably and variably applied to the hollow superconductive shield 1.
Electric motors are disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield along its central axis.
A power source 11 is disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield 1 and may be disposed inside the lower shell 4. The power source 11 is electrically connected with the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9, and the electric motors. In-turn, the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9, and the electric motors provide for the rotation of the upper rotating element 6 and the lower rotating element 7. The power source 11 may be executed as a nuclear power generator.
Life-support equipment 12 is disposed inside the inner shield 2, and may be disposed inside the lower shell 4. The life-support equipment 12 may include oxygen, water, and food.
A flux modulation controller 13 is disposed inside the inner shield 2, and may be disposed inside the upper shell 3. The flux modulation controller 13 is in communication with the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9, the power source 11, and the electric motors.
The flux modulation controller 8 may be executed as a computer or a microprocessor. The flux modulation controller 8 is provided with a capability of modulating the performance parameters of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9, the power source 11, and the electric motors.
A crew 14 may be located inside the upper shell 3 of the inner shield 2 and may consist of one or more astronauts. The crew has a free access to the life-support equipment 12 and the flux modulation controller 8. A skilled in the art may envision a fully-automated, pilotless craft, which is also within the scope of this invention.
A skilled in the art may also envision the embodiment (not shown), also within the scope of this invention, where the hollow superconductive shield is pivotable, and the support structure with the means for generating an electromagnetic field is affixed on the outside of the inner shield.
FIGS. 2A & 2B are diagrams showing the results of the quantized electromagnetic turbulence within the superconductive shell of the hollow superconductive shield provided by the relative rotational motion of the hollow superconductive shield against the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field.
FIG. 2A shows the clockwise relative rotational motion of the hollow superconductive shield, this motion identified by a clockwise shield motion vector 15, and the counterclockwise relative rotational motion of upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, this motion identified by a counterclockwise EMF motion vector 16.
The electromagnetic field, controllably and variably applied by the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, whose various positions are identified by a wire grid 17, to the hollow superconductive shield (not shown), causes quantized electromagnetic turbulence within the hollow superconductive shield. This turbulence is represented by a plurality of clockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 18. Only one line of the clockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 18, out of scale, is shown for illustration purposes only. Each of the clockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 18 generates a gravitomagnetic field identified by an outward gravitomagnetic field vector 19 directed orthogonally away from the hollow superconductive shield.
FIG. 2B shows the counterclockwise relative rotational motion of the hollow superconductive shield, this motion identified by a counterclockwise shield motion vector 20, and the clockwise relative rotational motion of upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, this motion identified by a clockwise EMF motion vector 21.
The electromagnetic field, controllably and variably applied by the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field identified by the wire grid 17, to the hollow superconductive shield (not shown), causes quantized electromagnetic turbulence within the hollow superconductive shield, this turbulence represented by a plurality of counterclockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 22. Only one line of the counterclockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 22, out of scale, is shown for illustration purposes only. Each of the counterclockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 22 generates a gravitomagnetic field identified by an inward gravitomagnetic field vector 23 directed orthogonally toward the hollow superconductive shield.
The electrical requirements for providing the Li-Torr effect are as follows:
Podkletnov has reported using the high frequency current of 105 Hz. He also used 6 solenoid coils @ 850 Gauss each. The reported system's efficiency reached 100% and the total field in the Podkletnov's disk was about 0.5 Tesla. The maximum weight loss reported by Podkletnov was 2.1%.
The preferred embodiment of the device of current invention is capable of housing 2-3 astronauts and therefore is envisioned to be about 5 meters in diameter at the widest point. The preferred space vehicle's acceleration is set at 9.8 m/s/s providing that gravity on board is similar to that on the surface of Earth.
The means for generating an electromagnetic field may be comprised of 124 solenoid coils. At the same 100% efficiency reported by Podkletnov, the total field required providing the acceleration of 9.8 m/s/s is 5,000 Tesla, or about 40 Tesla per coil. Skeggs suggests that on the Podkletnov device, out of 850 Gauss developed on the coil surface, the field affecting the superconductor and causing the gravitomagnetism is only 400 Gauss ("Engineering Analysis of the Podkletnov Gravity Shielding Experiment, Peter L. Skeggs, Quantum Forum, Nov. 7, 1997, www.inetarena.com/˜noetic/pls/podlev.html , 7 pages). This translates into 47% device efficiency.
In this 47%-efficient space vehicle, the total field required achieving the 9.8 m/s/s acceleration is about 10,600 Tesla, or 85.5 Tesla per each of 124 solenoid coils. It must be noted that at this acceleration rate, it would take nearly a year for the space vehicle to reach the speed of light.
It also must be noted that Skeggs has detected a discrepancy between the Li-Torr estimates and Podkletnov's practical results. If Podkletnov's experimental results are erroneous while the Li-Torr estimates are indeed applicable to the space vehicle of this invention, then the energy requirements for achieving the sought speed would be substantially higher than the above estimate of 10,600 Tesla.
Podkletnov has concluded that, in order for the vacuum pressure density anomaly to take place, the Earth-bound device must be in the condition of Meissner levitation. As are all space bodies, the space vehicle is a subject to the pressure inflationary vacuum state and the gravitational force, which, within the migrating locality of the expanding Universe, in any single linear direction, are substantially in equilibrium. Thus, for the space vehicle, the requirement of Meissner levitation is waved.
The propagation of the gravitomagnetic field identified by the outward gravitomagnetic field vector 19 and the inward gravitomagnetic field vector 23 would cause exotic quantized processes in the vacuum's subatomic particles that include particle polarization, ZPF field defects, and the matter-energy transformation per E=mc2. The combination of these processes would result in the gravitational anomaly. According to the general relativity theory, gravitational attraction is explained as the result of the curvature of spacetime being proportional to the gravitational constant. Thus, the change in the gravitational attraction of the vacuum's subatomic particles would cause a local anomaly in the curvature of the Einsteinean spacetime.
Gravity is the same thing as bent space, propagating with the speed of light characteristic for the particular spacetime curvature. When bent space is affected, there is a change in the speed of propagation of gravity within the spacetime curvature anomaly. The local speed of light, according to Fomalont and Kopeikin always equal to the local speed of propagation of gravity, is also affected within the locality of spacetime curvature anomaly.
Creation of spacetime curvature anomalies adjacent to, or around, the space vehicle, these anomalies characterized by the local gravity and light-speed change, has been the main object of this invention.
FIG. 3A shows a diagram of a vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 24 on the background of Universal curvature of inflationary vacuum state 25. The vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 24 is formed by a multitude of the inward gravitomagnetic field vectors. According to the cosmological constant equation, #923;=(8#960;G/3c2)#961;#923;, where the cosmological constant #923; is proportional to the vacuum energy pressure #961;#923;, G is Newton's constant of gravitation, and c is the speed of light, the curvature of spacetime is proportional to the gravitational constant. According to the general relativity theory, the change in the vacuum pressure density is proportional to the change in the spacetime curvature anomaly. By replacing #961;#923; with the vacuum pressure density, P times the vacuum energy coefficient #954;, and replacing c with #916;distance/#916;time, we derive to #923;=[8#960;G/3(#916;distance/#916;time)2]P#954;, and could now construct a vacuum pressure density curvature diagram.
The vacuum pressure density curvature anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 24 is shown here as a flattened surface representing the lowered pressure of the inflationary vacuum state. This anomaly is the result of the exotic quantized processes in the subatomic particles caused by the quantized turbulence occurring in the hollow superconductive shield. The XYZ axes represent three dimensions of space and the P axis represents the vacuum pressure density.
FIG. 3B shows a diagram of a vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 26 on the background of the Universal curvature of inflationary vacuum state 25. The vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 26 is formed by a multitude of the outward gravitomagnetic field vectors. The anomaly is shown here as a convex surface representing the elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state. The diagrams of FIGS. 3A & 3B are not to scale: the anomaly sizes are exaggerated for clarity.
FIGS. 4A & 4B show diagrams of a spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 27, and a spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 28, respectively, each on the background a diagram of Universal spacetime 29.
The quaterized Julia set Qn+1=Qn2+C0 is assumed to be an accurate mathematical representation of the Universal spacetime. The generic quaternion Q0 belongs to the Julia set associated with the quaternion C, and n tends to infinity. If we assume that the quaternion value C0 is associated with the Universal spacetime 29, C1 is the value of quaternion C for the spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 27, and C2 is the value of quaternion C for the spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 28, then we can construct two diagrams.
The diagram of FIG. 4A shows the spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 27 as a quaterized Julia set contained in a 4-dimensional space: Qn+1=Qn2+C1 on the background of the Universal spacetime 29 represented by Qn+1=Qn2+C0.
The diagram of FIG. 4B shows the spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 28 as a quaterized Julia set Qn+1=Qn2+C2, also on the background of the Universal spacetime 29 represented by Qn+1=Qn2+C0. On both diagrams, the XYZ axes represent three dimensions of space, and the T axis represents time. The diagrams are not to scale: the anomaly sizes are exaggerated for clarity, and the halves of quaterized Julia sets, conventionally associated with the hypothetical Anti-Universe, are omitted.
FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6, 7A, & 7B show simplified diagrams of spacetime curvature anomalies generated by the space vehicle of the current invention, these anomalies providing for the propulsion of the space vehicle. In each case, the pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is comprised of an area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density in front of the space vehicle and an area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density behind the space vehicle. Because the lower pressure of inflationary vacuum state is associated with greater gravity and the higher pressure is associated with the higher repulsive force, the space vehicle is urged to move from the area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density toward the area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density.
FIG. 5A illustrates the first example of spacetime curvature modification. This example shows a substantially droplet-shaped spacetime curvature anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 30 adjacent to the hollow superconductive shield 1 of the space vehicle. The anomaly 30 is provided by the propagation of a gravitomagnetic field radiating orthogonally away from the front of the hollow superconductive shield 1. This gravitomagnetic field may be provided by the relative clockwise motion of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, and relative counterclockwise motion of the hollow superconductive field, as observed from above the space vehicle.
In this example, the difference between the spacetime curvature within the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state, and the ambient spacetime curvature, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, results in the gravitational imbalance, with gravity pulling the space vehicle forward.
FIG. 5B illustrates the second example of spacetime curvature modification. This example shows a substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 31 adjacent to the hollow superconductive shield 1 of the space vehicle. The anomaly 31 is provided by the propagation of a gravitomagnetic field radiating orthogonally away from the back of the hollow superconductive shield. This gravitomagnetic field may be provided by the relative counterclockwise motion of the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and relative clockwise motion of the hollow superconductive field, as observed from below the space vehicle.
In this example, the difference between the spacetime curvature within the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, and the ambient spacetime curvature, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, results in the gravitational imbalance, with the repulsion force pushing the space vehicle forward.
FIG. 6 illustrates the third example of spacetime curvature modification. This example shows the formation of the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 30 combined with the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 31. This combination of anomalies may be provided by the relative clockwise motion of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and relative clockwise motion of the hollow superconductive field, combined with the relative clockwise motion of the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, as observed from above the space vehicle.
In this example, the difference between the spacetime curvature within the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state, and the spacetime curvature of the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, results in the gravitational imbalance, with gravity pulling, and the repulsion force pushing, the space vehicle forward.
FIG. 7A illustrates the fourth example of spacetime curvature modification. This example shows the formation of a substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 32 around the hollow superconductive shield 1 of the space vehicle. The anomaly 32 is provided by the propagation of gravitomagnetic field of unequally-distributed density, this gravitomagnetic field radiating in all directions orthogonally away from the hollow superconductive shield. The propagation of the unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field leads to the similarly unequally-distributed spacetime curvature anomaly. This unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field may be provided by the relatively faster clockwise motion of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field relative to the hollow superconductive field, combined with the relatively slower counterclockwise motion of the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, as observed from above the space vehicle.
An area of the lowest vacuum pressure density 33 of the substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 32 is located directly in front of the space vehicle.
In this example, the variation in the spacetime curvature within the substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, results in a gravitational imbalance, with gravity pulling the space vehicle forward in modified spacetime.
FIG. 7B illustrates the fifth example of spacetime curvature modification, also with the purpose of providing for a propulsion in modified spacetime. This example shows the formation of a substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 34 around the hollow superconductive shield 1 of the space vehicle. The anomaly 34 is provided by the propagation of gravitomagnetic field of unequally-distributed density, this gravitomagnetic field radiating in all directions orthogonally away from the hollow superconductive shield. The propagation of the unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field leads to the similarly unequally-distributed spacetime curvature anomaly. This unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field may be provided by the relatively slower counterclockwise motion of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field relative to the hollow superconductive field, combined with the relatively faster clockwise motion of the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, as observed from above the space vehicle.
An area of the highest vacuum pressure density 35 of the substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 34 is located directly behind the space vehicle.
In this example, the variation in the spacetime curvature within the substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, the spacetime curvature being same as gravity, results in a gravitational imbalance, with the repulsion force pushing the space vehicle forward in modified spacetime at speeds approaching the light-speed characteristic for this modified area. This light-speed might be much higher than the light-speed in the ambient space.
By creating alternative anomalies and modulating their parameters, the space vehicle's crew would dilate and contract time and space on demand. The space vehicle, emitting a vacuum pressure modifying, controllably-modulated gravitomagnetic field in all directions, would rapidly move in the uneven spacetime anomaly it created, pulled forward by gravity or pushed by the repulsion force. The time rate zone of the anomaly is expected to have multiple quantized boundaries rather than a single sudden boundary affecting space and time in the immediate proximity of the vehicle. Speed, rate of time, and direction in space could be shifted on demand and in a rapid manner. The modulated light-speed could make the space vehicle suitable for interstellar travel. Because of the time rate control in the newly created isospace, the accelerations would be gradual and the angles of deviation would be relatively smooth. The gravity shielding would further protect pilots from the ill-effects of gravity during rapid accelerations, directional changes, and sudden stops.
patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?u=/ne...960975&RS=PN/6960975
IT'S ABOUT TIME. OF COURSE IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT TIME AND DIMENSIONAL TIME DOMAINS, BUT WE HAVE FAILED MISERABLY TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE UNIVERSE CANNOT EVEN EXIST IF TIME DID NOT HAVE TWO DIRECTIONS TO SUPPORT A CONDENSATION MATRIX THAT HAS CURVATURE AND ROTATION.
john
United States Patent 6,960,975
Volfson November 1, 2005
Space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state
Abstract
A space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state is provided comprising a hollow superconductive shield, an inner shield, a power source, a support structure, upper and lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and a flux modulation controller. A cooled hollow superconductive shield is energized by an electromagnetic field resulting in the quantized vortices of lattice ions projecting a gravitomagnetic field that forms a spacetime curvature anomaly outside the space vehicle. The spacetime curvature imbalance, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, provides for the space vehicle's propulsion. The space vehicle, surrounded by the spacetime anomaly, may move at a speed approaching the light-speed characteristic for the modified locale.
Inventors: Volfson; Boris (5707 W. Maple Grove Rd., Apt. 3046, Huntington, IN 46750)
Appl. No.: 079670
Filed: March 14, 2005
Current U.S. Class: 335/216; 60/200.1
Intern'l Class: H01F 006/00; F03H 005/00
Field of Search: 335/216 60/200.1
References Cited [Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
3626605 Dec., 1971 Wallace.
3626606 Dec., 1971 Wallace.
3823570 Jul., 1974 Wallace.
5197279 Mar., 1993 Taylor.
6353311 Mar., 2002 Brainard et al.
Other References
M.T. French, "To the Stars by Electromagnetic Propulsion", www.mtjf.demon.co.uk/antigravp2.htm#cforce .
Evgeny Podkletnov, "Weak Gravitational Shielding Properties of Composite Bulk YBa2Cu33O(7-x) Superconductor Below 70K Under E.M. Field", LANL database number cond-mat/9701074, v. 3, 10 pages, Sep. 16, 1997.
N. LI & D.G. Torr, "Effects of a Gravitomagnetic Field on Pure Superconductors", Physical Review, vol. 43, p. 457, 3 pages, Jan. 15, 1991.
Evgeny Podkletnov, Giovanni Modanese "Impulse Gravity Generator Based on Charged YBa2Cu33O7-y Superconductor with Composite Crystal Structure", arXiv.org/physics database, #0108005 vol. 2, 32 pages, 8 figures, Aug. 30, 2001.
S. Kopeikin & E. Fomalont, "General Relativistic Model for Experimental Measurement of the Speed of Propagation of Gravity by VLBI", Proceedings of the 6th European VLBI Network Symposium Jun. 25-28, 2002, Bonn, Germany, 4 pages.
Sean M. Carroll, "The Cosmological Constant", pancake.uchicago.edu/˜carroll/encyc/ , 6 pages.
Chris Y. Taylor and Giovanni Modanese, "Evaluation of an Impulse Gravity Generator Based Beamed Propulsion Concept", American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2002.
Peter L. Skeggs, "Engineering Analysis of the Podkletnov Gravity Shielding Experiment", Quantum Forum, Nov. 7, 1997, http://www.inetarena'.com/˜noetic/pls/podlev.html).
Primary Examiner: Barrera; Ramon M.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENSE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/633,778 filed on Aug. 4, 2003, now abandoned.
Claims
1. A space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state is claimed comprising:
a hollow superconductive shield,
an inner shield, the inner shield disposed inside said hollow superconductive shield, said inner shield comprising an upper shell and a lower shell,
a support structure, the support structure disposed between said hollow superconductive shield and said inner shield concentrically to said hollow superconductive shield, said support structure comprised of an upper rotating element and a lower rotating element,
upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field disposed between said hollow superconductive shield and said upper shell, affixed to said upper rotating element at an electromagnetic field-penetrable distance to said hollow superconductive shield,
lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field disposed between said hollow superconductive shield and said lower shell, affixed to said lower rotating element at an electromagnetic field-penetrable distance to said hollow superconductive shield,
electric motors, the electric motors disposed inside said hollow superconductive shield along the central axis of said hollow superconductive shield,
a power source, the power source disposed inside said hollow superconductive shield, said power source electrically connected with said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and said electric motors,
life-support equipment, the life-support equipment disposed inside said inner shield,
a flux modulation controller, the flux modulation controller disposed inside said inner shield, said flux modulation controller in communication with said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, said power source, and said electric motors, and
a crew, the crew disposed inside said inner shield accessibly to said life-support and said flux modulation controller.
2. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said hollow superconductive shield is composed of a high-temperature ceramic superconductor with a composite crystal structure, and is cooled to a temperature of about 40 degrees K.
3. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said inner shield is composed of insulating materials such as foamed ceramics.
4. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said power source is a nuclear generator.
5. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said flux modulation controller is a computer.
6. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said upper rotating element and said lower rotating element are pivoted, urged to rotate by said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and said electric motors.
7. The space vehicle of claim 1 wherein said hollow superconductive shield is pivoted and urged to rotate by said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and said electric motors.
8. A method for generating pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is claimed comprising the following steps, some occurring simultaneously:
providing a space vehicle comprising a hollow superconductive shield, an inner shield, a support structure, upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, electric motors, a power source, life-support equipment, a flux modulation controller, and a crew,
generating electrical energy in said power source,
converting said electrical energy into an electromagnetic field in said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field,
converting said electrical energy into mechanical energy in said electrical motors,
rotating said upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and said lower means for generating an electromagnetic field relative to said hollow superconductive shield,
converting said electromagnetic field into a gravitomagnetic field in said hollow superconductive shield,
propagating said gravitomagnetic field outward, orthogonal to the walls of said hollow superconductive shield, and
forming a pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state in the area of propagation of said gravitomagnetic field, the pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state comprised of an area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density in front of said space vehicle and an area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density behind said vehicle,
whereby said space vehicle is urged to move from said area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density toward said area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is a substantially droplet-shaped anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state provided by the propagation of a gravitomagnetic field radiating orthogonally away from the front of said hollow superconductive shield,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance where the lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pulling said space vehicle forward.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is a substantially droplet-shaped anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state provided by the propagation of a gravitomagnetic field radiating orthogonally away from the back of said hollow superconductive shield,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance where the elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pushing said space vehicle forward.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is comprised of a substantially droplet-shaped anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state and a substantially droplet-shaped anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance where the lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pulling, and the elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pushing, said space vehicle forward.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is a substantially egg-shaped anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state provided by the unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field propagated in all directions orthogonally away from said hollow superconductive shield with an area of lowest vacuum pressure density disposed directly in front said space vehicle,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance such that the lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pulling said space vehicle forward in modified spacetime.
13. The method of claim 8 wherein said pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is a substantially egg-shaped anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state provided by the unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field propagated in all directions orthogonally away from said hollow superconductive shield with an area of highest vacuum pressure density disposed directly behind said space vehicle,
whereby providing for the gravitational imbalance such that the highest pressure of inflationary vacuum state is pushing said space vehicle forward in modified spacetime at a speed possibly approaching a local light-speed, the local light-speed which may be substantially higher than the light-speed in the ambient space.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The technical field of this disclosure represents space vehicles propelled by the electro-magnetically changed properties of vacuum, particularly the pressure of inflationary vacuum state.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The existence of a magnetic-like gravitational field has been well established by physicists for general relativity, gravitational theories, and cosmology. The consequences of the effect of electromagnetically-affected gravity could be substantial and have many practical applications, particularly in aviation and space exploration.
There are methods known for converting electromagnetism into a propulsive force that potentially generates a large propulsive thrust. According to these methods, the machine thrust is produced by rotating, reciprocating masses in the following ways: centrifugal thrust, momentum thrust, and impulse thrust. ("To the Stars by Electromagnetic Propulsion", M. T. French, www.mtjf.demon.co.uk/antigravp2.htm#cforce ).
However, the electromagnetic propulsion in an ambient space, or space that is not artificially modified, is not practical for interstellar travel because of the great distances involved. No interstellar travel is feasible without some form of distortion of space. In turn, no alteration of space is possible without the corresponding deformation of time. Gravitomagnetic alteration of space, resulting in the spacetime curvature anomaly that could propel the space vehicle, could be a feasible approach to future space travel.
In the late 1940s, H. B. G. Casimir proved that the vacuum is neither particle nor field-free. It is a source of zero-point-fluctuation (ZPF) of fields such as the vacuum gravitomagnetic field. ZPF fields lead to real, measurable physical consequences such as the Casimir force. The quantized hand-made electromagnetic processes, such as those occurring in superconductors, affect the similarly quantized ZPFs. The most likely reason is the electron-positron creation and annihilation, in part corresponding to the "polarization effect" sited by Evgeny Podkletnov in explaining the gravitomagnetic effect reportedly observed by him in 1992. ("Weak Gravitational Shielding Properties of Composite Bulk YBa2Cu33O(7-x) Superconductor Below 70 K Under E.M. Field", Evgeny Podkletnov, LANL database number cond-mat/9701074, v. 3, 10 pages, 16 Sep. 1997).
The investigation of gravitomagnetism, however, started well before Podkletnov. In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,626,605, Henry Wm. Wallace describes an experimental apparatus for generating and detecting a secondary gravitational field. He also shows how a time-varying gravitomagnetic field can be used to shield the primary background of a gravitoelectric field.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,626,606, Henry Wm. Wallace provides a variation of his earlier experiment. A type III-V semiconductor material, of which both components have unpaired nuclear spin, is used as an electronic detector for the gravitomagnetic field. The experiment demonstrates that the material in his gravitomagnetic field circuit has hysterisis and remanence effects analogous to magnetic materials.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,823,570, Henry Wm. Wallace provides an additional variation of his experiment. Wallace demonstrates that, by aligning the nuclear spin of materials having an odd number of nucleons, a change in specific heat occurs.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 5,197,279, James R. Taylor discloses Electromagnetic Propulsion Engine where solenoidal windings generate an electromagnetic field that, without the conversion into a gravitomagnetic field, generates the thrust necessary for the propulsion.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 6,353,311 B1, John P. Brainard et al. offer a controversial theory of Universal Particle Flux Field, and in order to prove it empirically, provide a shaded motor-type device. This device is also intended for extracting energy from this hypothetical Field.
In the early 1980s, Sidney Coleman and F. de Luca noted that the Einsteinean postulate of a homogeneous Universe, while correct in general, ignores quantized local fluctuation of the pressure of inflationary vacuum state, this fluctuation causing local cosmic calamities. While the massless particles propagate through large portions of Universe at light speed, these anomaly bubbles, depending on their low or high relative vacuum density, cause a local increase or decrease of the propagation values for these particles. Scientists disagree about the possibility, and possible ways, to artificially create models of such anomalies.
In the early 1990s, Ning Li and D. G Torr described a method and means for converting an electromagnetic field into a gravitomagnetic field. Li and Torr suggested that, under the proper conditions, the minuscule force fields of superconducting atoms can "couple", compounding in strength to the point where they can produce a repulsion force ("Effects of a Gravitomagnetic Field on Pure Superconductors", N. Li and D. G. Torr, Physical Review, Volume 43, Page 457, 3 pages, 15 Jan. 1991).
A series of experiments, performed in the early 1990s by Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, reportedly resulted in a reduction of the weights of objects placed above a levitating, rotating superconductive disk subjected to high frequency magnetic fields. These results substantially support the expansion of Einstainean physics offered by Li & Torr. Podkletnov and Giovanni Modanese have provided a number of interesting theories as to why the weight reduction effect could have occurred, citing quantum gravitational effects, specifically, a local change in the cosmological constant. The cosmological constant, under ordinary circumstances, is the same everywhere. But, according to Podkletnov and Modanese, above a levitating, rotating superconductive disk exposed to high frequency magnetic fields, it is modified. ("Impulse Gravity Generator Based on Charged YBa2Cu33O7-y Superconductor with Composite Crystal Structure", Evgeny Podkletnov, Giovanni Modanese, arXiv.org/physics database, #0108005 volume 2, 32 pages, 8 figures, Aug. 30, 2001).
In the July 2004 paper, Ning Wu hypothesized that exponential decay of the gravitation gauge field, characteristic for the unstable vacuum such as that created by Podkletnov and Nieminen, is at the root of the gravitational shielding effects (Gravitational Shielding Effects in Gauge Theory of Gravity, Ning Wu, arXiv:hep-th/0307225 v 1 23 Jul. 2003, 38 pages incl. 3 figures, July 2004).
In 2002, Edward Fomalont and Sergei Kopeikin measured the speed of propagation of gravity. They confirmed that the speed of propagation of gravity matches the speed of light. ("General Relativistic Model for Experimental Measurement of the Speed of Propagation of Gravity by VLBI", S. Kopeikin and E. Fomalont, Proceedings of the 6th European VLBI Network Symposium Jun. 25-28 2002, Bonn, Germany, 4 pages).
String theory unifies gravity with all other known forces. According to String theory, all interactions are carried by fundamental particles, and all particles are just tiny loops of space itself forming the spacetime curvature. Gravity and bent space are the same thing, propagating with the speed of light characteristic of the particular curvature. In light of the Fomalont and Kopeikin discovery, one can conclude that if there is a change in the speed of propagation of gravity within the spacetime curvature, then the speed of light within the locality would also be affected.
In general relativity, any form of energy affects the gravitational field, so the vacuum energy density becomes a potentially crucial ingredient. Traditionally, the vacuum is assumed to be the same everywhere in the Universe, so the vacuum energy density is a universal number. The cosmological constant #923; is proportional to the vacuum pressure #961;#923;: #923;=(8#960;G/3c2)#961;#923;, where G is Newton's constant of gravitation and c is the speed of light ("The Cosmological Constant", Sean M. Carroll, pancake.uchicago.edu/˜carroll/encyc/ , 6 pages). Newer theories, however, permit local vacuum fluctuations where even the "universal" constants are affected: #923;1=(8#960;G1/3c12)#961;#923;1.
Analyzing physics laws defining the cosmological constant, a conclusion can be drawn that, if a levitating, rotating superconductive disk subjected to high frequency magnetic fields affects the cosmological constant within a locality, it would also affect the vacuum energy density. According to the general relativity theory, the gravitational attraction is explained as the result of the curvature of spacetime being proportional to the cosmological constant. Thus, the change in the gravitational attraction of the vacuum's subatomic particles would cause a local anomaly in the curvature of the Einsteinean spacetime.
Time is the fourth dimension. Lorentz and Einstein showed that space and time are intrinsically related. Later in his life, Einstein hypothesized that time fluctuates both locally and universally. Ruggero Santilli, recognized for expanding relativity theory, has developed the isocosmology theory, which allows for variable rates of time. Time is also a force field only detected at speeds above light speed. The energy of this force field grows as its propagation speed declines when approaching light-speed. Not just any light-speed: the light-speed of a locale. If the conditions of the locale were modified, this change would affect the local time rate relative to the rate outside the affected locale, or ambient rate. The electromagnetically-generated gravitomagnetic field could be one such locale modifier.
Analyzing the expansion of Einstainean physics offered by Li & Torr, one could conclude that gravity, time, and light speed could be altered by the application of electromagnetic force to a superconductor.
By creating a spacetime curvature anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state around a space vehicle, with the lowest vacuum pressure density located directly in front of the vehicle, a condition could be created where gravity associated with lowered vacuum pressure density pulls the vehicle forward in modified spacetime.
By creating a spacetime curvature anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state around the space vehicle, with the point of highest vacuum pressure density located directly behind the vehicle, a condition could be created where a repulsion force associated with elevated vacuum pressure density pushes the space vehicle forward in modified spacetime. From the above-mentioned cosmological constant equation, re-written as: ##EQU1##
it is clear that the increase in the vacuum pressure density could lead to a substantial increase in the light-speed. If the space vehicle is moving in the anomaly where the local light-speed is higher than the light-speed of the ambient vacuum, and if this vehicle approaches this local light-speed, the space vehicle would then possibly exceed the light-speed characteristic for the ambient area.
The levitating and rotating superconductor disk, which Podkletnov used to protect the object of experiment from the attraction produced by the energy of the vacuum, was externally energized by the externally-powered solenoid coils. Thus, Podkletnov's system is stationary by definition and not suitable for travel in air or space. Even if the superconductive disk is made part of the craft, and if it is energized by the energy available on the craft, the resulting anomaly is one-sided, not enveloping, and not providing the variable speed of light (VSL) environment for the craft.
In a recent (2002) article, Chris Y. Tailor and Modanese propose to employ an impulse gravity generator directing, from an outside location, an anomalous beam toward a spacecraft, this beam acting as a repulsion force field producing propulsion for the spacecraft. ("Evaluation of an Impulse Gravity Generator Based Beamed Propulsion Concept", Chris Y. Taylor and Giovanni Modanese, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2002, 21 pages, 10 figures). The authors of the article, however, didn't take into account the powerful quantized processes of field dispersion, which would greatly limit the distance of propagation of the repulsive force. At best, the implementation of this concept could assist in acceleration and deceleration at short distances from the impulse gravity generator, and only along a straight line of travel. If the travel goal is a space exploration mission rather than the shuttle-like commute, the proposed system is of little use.
Only a self-sufficient craft, equipped with the internal gravity generator and the internal energy source powering this generator, would have the flexibility needed to explore new frontiers of space. The modification of the spacetime curvature all around the spacecraft would allow the spacecraft to approach the light-speed characteristic for the modified locale, this light-speed, when observed from a location in the ambient space, being potentially many times higher than the ambient light-speed. Then, under sufficient local energies, that is, energies available on the spacecraft, very large intergalactic distances could be reduced to conventional planetary distances.
In "The First Men in the Moon" (1903), H. G. Wells anticipates gravitational propulsion methods when he describes gravity repelling "cavorite." Discovered by Professor Cavor, the material acts as a "gravity shield" allowing Cavor's vehicle to reach the Moon. Prof. Cavor built a large spherical gondola surrounded on all sides by cavorite shutters that could be closed or opened. When Prof. Cavor closed all the shutters facing the ground and opened the shutters facing the moon, the gondola took off for the Moon.
Until today, no cavorite has been discovered. However, recent research in the area of superconductivity, nanomaterials and quantum state of vacuum, including that of Li, Torr, Podkletnov, and Modanese, has resulted in important new information about the interaction between a gravitational field and special states of matter at a quantum level. This new research opens the possibility of using new electromagnetically-energized superconductive materials allowing stable states of energy, the materials useful not only in controlling the local gravitational fields, but also in creating new gravitomagnetic fields.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION: OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES
There are four objects of this invention:
The first object is to provide a method for generating a pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state that leads to electromagnetic propulsion.
The second object is to provide a space vehicle capable of electromagnetically-generated propulsion. The implementation of these two objects leads to the development of the space vehicle propelled by gravitational imbalance with gravity pulling, and/or antigravity pushing, the space vehicle forward.
The third object is to provide a method for generating a pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state, specifically, the local increase in the level of vacuum pressure density associated with the greater curvature of spacetime. The speed of light in such an anomaly would be higher than the speed of light in the ambient space.
The fourth object is to provide the space vehicle capable of generating an unequally-distributed external anomaly all around this vehicle, specifically the anomaly with the elevated level of vacuum pressure density. The anomaly is formed in such a way that gravity pulls the space vehicle forward in the modified spacetime at a speed possibly approaching the light-speed specific for this modified locale. If the vacuum pressure density of the locale is modified to be substantially higher than that of the ambient vacuum, the speed of the vehicle could conceivably be higher than the ambient light-speed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention concerns devices self-propelled by the artificially changed properties of the pressure of inflationary vacuum state to speeds possibly approaching the light-speed specific for this modified locale. Furthermore, this invention concerns devices capable of generating the spacetime anomaly characterized by the elevated vacuum pressure density. The devices combining these capabilities may be able to move at speeds substantially higher than the light-speed in the ambient space.
The device of this invention is a space vehicle. The outside shell of the space vehicle is formed by a hollow disk, sphere, or the like hollowed 3-dimensional shape made of a superconductor material, hereinafter a hollow superconductive shield. An inner shield is disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield. The inner shield is provided to protect crew and life-support equipment inside.
A support structure, upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and lower means for generating an electromagnetic field are disposed between the hollow superconductive shield and the inner shield. A flux modulation controller is disposed inside the inner shield to be accessible to the crew.
Electrical energy is generated in a power source disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield. The electrical energy is converted into an electromagnetic field in the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field.
Electrical motors, also disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield, convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The mechanical energy and the electromagnetic field rotate the hollow superconductive shield, and the upper and the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, against each other.
The electromagnetic field is converted into a gravitomagnetic field in the hollow superconductive shield.
The gravitomagnetic field, propagated outward, orthogonally to the walls of the hollow superconductive shield, forms a pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state in the area of propagation. The pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is comprised of an area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density in front of the space vehicle and an area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density behind the vehicle.
The difference in the vacuum pressure density propels the space vehicle of this invention forward.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through the front plane taken along the central axis of a space vehicle provided by the method and device of this invention.
FIGS. 2A & 2B are diagrams, presented as perspective views, showing some of the physical processes resulting from a dynamic application of an electromagnetic field to a hollow superconductive shield. Only one line of quantized vortices, shown out of scale, is presented for illustration purposes.
FIGS. 3A & 3B are diagrams, presented as perspective views, showing a vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state and a vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, respectively. Both anomalies are shown on the background of Universal curvature of inflationary vacuum state.
FIGS. 4A & 4B are diagrams, presented as perspective views, showing a spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state and a spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, respectively. Both anomalies are shown on the background of Universal spacetime.
FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6, 7A, & 7B are diagrams of spacetime curvature anomalies generated by the space vehicle of the current invention, these anomalies providing for the propulsion of the space vehicle.
DRAWINGS—REFERENCE NUMERALS
1 hollow superconductive shield
2 inner shield
3 upper shell
4 lower shell
5 support structure
6 upper rotating element
7 lower rotating element
8 upper means for generating an electromagnetic field
9 lower means for generating an electromagnetic field
10 flux lines
11 power source
12 life-support equipment
13 flux modulation controller
14 crew
15 clockwise shield motion vector
16 counterclockwise EMF motion vector
17 wire grid
18 clockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions
19 outward gravitomagnetic field vector
20 counterclockwise shield motion vector
21 clockwise EMF motion vector
22 counterclockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions
23 inward gravitomagnetic field vector
24 vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state
25 Universal curvature of inflationary vacuum state
26 vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state
27 spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state
28 spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state
29 Universal spacetime
30 substantially droplet-shaped spacetime curvature anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state
31 substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state
32 substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state
33 area of the lowest vacuum pressure density
34 substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state
35 area of the highest vacuum pressure density
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through the front plane taken along the central axis of a space vehicle provided by the method and device of this invention. A hollow superconductive shield 1 forms a protective outer shell of the space vehicle. The hollow superconductive shield 1 may be shaped as a hollow disk, sphere, or the like 3-dimensional geometrical figure formed by the 2-dimensional rotation of a curve around the central axis.
In the preferred embodiment, the hollow superconductive shield 1 is made of a superconductor such as YBa2Cu3O7-y, or a like high-temperature superconductor with a composite crystal structure cooled to the temperature of about 40 degrees K. The skilled in the art may envision the use of many other low- and high-temperature superconductors, all within the scope of this invention.
An inner shield 2 is disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield 1. The inner shield 2 is comprised of an upper shell 3 and a lower shell 4, the shells 3 and 4 adjoined with each other. Executed from insulation materials such as foamed ceramics, the inner shield 2 protects the environment within the shield from the electromagnetic field and severe temperatures.
A support structure 5 is disposed between the hollow superconductive shield 1 and the inner shield 2, concentric to the hollow superconductive shield. The support structure 5 is comprised of an upper rotating element 6 and a lower rotating element 7.
The upper rotating element 6 is pivotably disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield 1 and may envelope the upper shell 3. The lower rotating element 7 is pivotably disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield 1 and may envelope the lower shell 4. Even though the preferred embodiment has two rotating elements, a skilled in the art may envision only one rotating element, or three or more rotation elements, all within the scope of this invention.
Upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8 are disposed between the hollow superconductive shield 1 and the upper shell 3. The upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8 are affixed to the upper rotating element 6 at an electromagnetic field-penetrable distance to the hollow superconductive shield 1.
Lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9 are disposed between the hollow superconductive shield 1 and the lower shell 4. The lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9 are affixed to the lower rotating element 7 at an electromagnetic field-penetrable distance to the hollow superconductive shield 1.
The upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8 and the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9 could be solenoid coils or electromagnets. In the process of operation of the space vehicle, the electromagnetic field identified by flux lines 10, is controllably and variably applied to the hollow superconductive shield 1.
Electric motors are disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield along its central axis.
A power source 11 is disposed inside the hollow superconductive shield 1 and may be disposed inside the lower shell 4. The power source 11 is electrically connected with the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9, and the electric motors. In-turn, the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9, and the electric motors provide for the rotation of the upper rotating element 6 and the lower rotating element 7. The power source 11 may be executed as a nuclear power generator.
Life-support equipment 12 is disposed inside the inner shield 2, and may be disposed inside the lower shell 4. The life-support equipment 12 may include oxygen, water, and food.
A flux modulation controller 13 is disposed inside the inner shield 2, and may be disposed inside the upper shell 3. The flux modulation controller 13 is in communication with the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9, the power source 11, and the electric motors.
The flux modulation controller 8 may be executed as a computer or a microprocessor. The flux modulation controller 8 is provided with a capability of modulating the performance parameters of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field 8, the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field 9, the power source 11, and the electric motors.
A crew 14 may be located inside the upper shell 3 of the inner shield 2 and may consist of one or more astronauts. The crew has a free access to the life-support equipment 12 and the flux modulation controller 8. A skilled in the art may envision a fully-automated, pilotless craft, which is also within the scope of this invention.
A skilled in the art may also envision the embodiment (not shown), also within the scope of this invention, where the hollow superconductive shield is pivotable, and the support structure with the means for generating an electromagnetic field is affixed on the outside of the inner shield.
FIGS. 2A & 2B are diagrams showing the results of the quantized electromagnetic turbulence within the superconductive shell of the hollow superconductive shield provided by the relative rotational motion of the hollow superconductive shield against the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field.
FIG. 2A shows the clockwise relative rotational motion of the hollow superconductive shield, this motion identified by a clockwise shield motion vector 15, and the counterclockwise relative rotational motion of upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, this motion identified by a counterclockwise EMF motion vector 16.
The electromagnetic field, controllably and variably applied by the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, whose various positions are identified by a wire grid 17, to the hollow superconductive shield (not shown), causes quantized electromagnetic turbulence within the hollow superconductive shield. This turbulence is represented by a plurality of clockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 18. Only one line of the clockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 18, out of scale, is shown for illustration purposes only. Each of the clockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 18 generates a gravitomagnetic field identified by an outward gravitomagnetic field vector 19 directed orthogonally away from the hollow superconductive shield.
FIG. 2B shows the counterclockwise relative rotational motion of the hollow superconductive shield, this motion identified by a counterclockwise shield motion vector 20, and the clockwise relative rotational motion of upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, this motion identified by a clockwise EMF motion vector 21.
The electromagnetic field, controllably and variably applied by the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field identified by the wire grid 17, to the hollow superconductive shield (not shown), causes quantized electromagnetic turbulence within the hollow superconductive shield, this turbulence represented by a plurality of counterclockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 22. Only one line of the counterclockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 22, out of scale, is shown for illustration purposes only. Each of the counterclockwise quantized vortices of lattice ions 22 generates a gravitomagnetic field identified by an inward gravitomagnetic field vector 23 directed orthogonally toward the hollow superconductive shield.
The electrical requirements for providing the Li-Torr effect are as follows:
Podkletnov has reported using the high frequency current of 105 Hz. He also used 6 solenoid coils @ 850 Gauss each. The reported system's efficiency reached 100% and the total field in the Podkletnov's disk was about 0.5 Tesla. The maximum weight loss reported by Podkletnov was 2.1%.
The preferred embodiment of the device of current invention is capable of housing 2-3 astronauts and therefore is envisioned to be about 5 meters in diameter at the widest point. The preferred space vehicle's acceleration is set at 9.8 m/s/s providing that gravity on board is similar to that on the surface of Earth.
The means for generating an electromagnetic field may be comprised of 124 solenoid coils. At the same 100% efficiency reported by Podkletnov, the total field required providing the acceleration of 9.8 m/s/s is 5,000 Tesla, or about 40 Tesla per coil. Skeggs suggests that on the Podkletnov device, out of 850 Gauss developed on the coil surface, the field affecting the superconductor and causing the gravitomagnetism is only 400 Gauss ("Engineering Analysis of the Podkletnov Gravity Shielding Experiment, Peter L. Skeggs, Quantum Forum, Nov. 7, 1997, www.inetarena.com/˜noetic/pls/podlev.html , 7 pages). This translates into 47% device efficiency.
In this 47%-efficient space vehicle, the total field required achieving the 9.8 m/s/s acceleration is about 10,600 Tesla, or 85.5 Tesla per each of 124 solenoid coils. It must be noted that at this acceleration rate, it would take nearly a year for the space vehicle to reach the speed of light.
It also must be noted that Skeggs has detected a discrepancy between the Li-Torr estimates and Podkletnov's practical results. If Podkletnov's experimental results are erroneous while the Li-Torr estimates are indeed applicable to the space vehicle of this invention, then the energy requirements for achieving the sought speed would be substantially higher than the above estimate of 10,600 Tesla.
Podkletnov has concluded that, in order for the vacuum pressure density anomaly to take place, the Earth-bound device must be in the condition of Meissner levitation. As are all space bodies, the space vehicle is a subject to the pressure inflationary vacuum state and the gravitational force, which, within the migrating locality of the expanding Universe, in any single linear direction, are substantially in equilibrium. Thus, for the space vehicle, the requirement of Meissner levitation is waved.
The propagation of the gravitomagnetic field identified by the outward gravitomagnetic field vector 19 and the inward gravitomagnetic field vector 23 would cause exotic quantized processes in the vacuum's subatomic particles that include particle polarization, ZPF field defects, and the matter-energy transformation per E=mc2. The combination of these processes would result in the gravitational anomaly. According to the general relativity theory, gravitational attraction is explained as the result of the curvature of spacetime being proportional to the gravitational constant. Thus, the change in the gravitational attraction of the vacuum's subatomic particles would cause a local anomaly in the curvature of the Einsteinean spacetime.
Gravity is the same thing as bent space, propagating with the speed of light characteristic for the particular spacetime curvature. When bent space is affected, there is a change in the speed of propagation of gravity within the spacetime curvature anomaly. The local speed of light, according to Fomalont and Kopeikin always equal to the local speed of propagation of gravity, is also affected within the locality of spacetime curvature anomaly.
Creation of spacetime curvature anomalies adjacent to, or around, the space vehicle, these anomalies characterized by the local gravity and light-speed change, has been the main object of this invention.
FIG. 3A shows a diagram of a vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 24 on the background of Universal curvature of inflationary vacuum state 25. The vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 24 is formed by a multitude of the inward gravitomagnetic field vectors. According to the cosmological constant equation, #923;=(8#960;G/3c2)#961;#923;, where the cosmological constant #923; is proportional to the vacuum energy pressure #961;#923;, G is Newton's constant of gravitation, and c is the speed of light, the curvature of spacetime is proportional to the gravitational constant. According to the general relativity theory, the change in the vacuum pressure density is proportional to the change in the spacetime curvature anomaly. By replacing #961;#923; with the vacuum pressure density, P times the vacuum energy coefficient #954;, and replacing c with #916;distance/#916;time, we derive to #923;=[8#960;G/3(#916;distance/#916;time)2]P#954;, and could now construct a vacuum pressure density curvature diagram.
The vacuum pressure density curvature anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 24 is shown here as a flattened surface representing the lowered pressure of the inflationary vacuum state. This anomaly is the result of the exotic quantized processes in the subatomic particles caused by the quantized turbulence occurring in the hollow superconductive shield. The XYZ axes represent three dimensions of space and the P axis represents the vacuum pressure density.
FIG. 3B shows a diagram of a vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 26 on the background of the Universal curvature of inflationary vacuum state 25. The vacuum pressure density anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 26 is formed by a multitude of the outward gravitomagnetic field vectors. The anomaly is shown here as a convex surface representing the elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state. The diagrams of FIGS. 3A & 3B are not to scale: the anomaly sizes are exaggerated for clarity.
FIGS. 4A & 4B show diagrams of a spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 27, and a spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 28, respectively, each on the background a diagram of Universal spacetime 29.
The quaterized Julia set Qn+1=Qn2+C0 is assumed to be an accurate mathematical representation of the Universal spacetime. The generic quaternion Q0 belongs to the Julia set associated with the quaternion C, and n tends to infinity. If we assume that the quaternion value C0 is associated with the Universal spacetime 29, C1 is the value of quaternion C for the spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 27, and C2 is the value of quaternion C for the spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 28, then we can construct two diagrams.
The diagram of FIG. 4A shows the spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 27 as a quaterized Julia set contained in a 4-dimensional space: Qn+1=Qn2+C1 on the background of the Universal spacetime 29 represented by Qn+1=Qn2+C0.
The diagram of FIG. 4B shows the spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 28 as a quaterized Julia set Qn+1=Qn2+C2, also on the background of the Universal spacetime 29 represented by Qn+1=Qn2+C0. On both diagrams, the XYZ axes represent three dimensions of space, and the T axis represents time. The diagrams are not to scale: the anomaly sizes are exaggerated for clarity, and the halves of quaterized Julia sets, conventionally associated with the hypothetical Anti-Universe, are omitted.
FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6, 7A, & 7B show simplified diagrams of spacetime curvature anomalies generated by the space vehicle of the current invention, these anomalies providing for the propulsion of the space vehicle. In each case, the pressure anomaly of inflationary vacuum state is comprised of an area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density in front of the space vehicle and an area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density behind the space vehicle. Because the lower pressure of inflationary vacuum state is associated with greater gravity and the higher pressure is associated with the higher repulsive force, the space vehicle is urged to move from the area of relatively higher vacuum pressure density toward the area of relatively lower vacuum pressure density.
FIG. 5A illustrates the first example of spacetime curvature modification. This example shows a substantially droplet-shaped spacetime curvature anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 30 adjacent to the hollow superconductive shield 1 of the space vehicle. The anomaly 30 is provided by the propagation of a gravitomagnetic field radiating orthogonally away from the front of the hollow superconductive shield 1. This gravitomagnetic field may be provided by the relative clockwise motion of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field, and relative counterclockwise motion of the hollow superconductive field, as observed from above the space vehicle.
In this example, the difference between the spacetime curvature within the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state, and the ambient spacetime curvature, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, results in the gravitational imbalance, with gravity pulling the space vehicle forward.
FIG. 5B illustrates the second example of spacetime curvature modification. This example shows a substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 31 adjacent to the hollow superconductive shield 1 of the space vehicle. The anomaly 31 is provided by the propagation of a gravitomagnetic field radiating orthogonally away from the back of the hollow superconductive shield. This gravitomagnetic field may be provided by the relative counterclockwise motion of the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, and relative clockwise motion of the hollow superconductive field, as observed from below the space vehicle.
In this example, the difference between the spacetime curvature within the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, and the ambient spacetime curvature, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, results in the gravitational imbalance, with the repulsion force pushing the space vehicle forward.
FIG. 6 illustrates the third example of spacetime curvature modification. This example shows the formation of the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 30 combined with the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 31. This combination of anomalies may be provided by the relative clockwise motion of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field and relative clockwise motion of the hollow superconductive field, combined with the relative clockwise motion of the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, as observed from above the space vehicle.
In this example, the difference between the spacetime curvature within the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state, and the spacetime curvature of the substantially droplet-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, results in the gravitational imbalance, with gravity pulling, and the repulsion force pushing, the space vehicle forward.
FIG. 7A illustrates the fourth example of spacetime curvature modification. This example shows the formation of a substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 32 around the hollow superconductive shield 1 of the space vehicle. The anomaly 32 is provided by the propagation of gravitomagnetic field of unequally-distributed density, this gravitomagnetic field radiating in all directions orthogonally away from the hollow superconductive shield. The propagation of the unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field leads to the similarly unequally-distributed spacetime curvature anomaly. This unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field may be provided by the relatively faster clockwise motion of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field relative to the hollow superconductive field, combined with the relatively slower counterclockwise motion of the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, as observed from above the space vehicle.
An area of the lowest vacuum pressure density 33 of the substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state 32 is located directly in front of the space vehicle.
In this example, the variation in the spacetime curvature within the substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with lowered pressure of inflationary vacuum state, the spacetime curvature being the same as gravity, results in a gravitational imbalance, with gravity pulling the space vehicle forward in modified spacetime.
FIG. 7B illustrates the fifth example of spacetime curvature modification, also with the purpose of providing for a propulsion in modified spacetime. This example shows the formation of a substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 34 around the hollow superconductive shield 1 of the space vehicle. The anomaly 34 is provided by the propagation of gravitomagnetic field of unequally-distributed density, this gravitomagnetic field radiating in all directions orthogonally away from the hollow superconductive shield. The propagation of the unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field leads to the similarly unequally-distributed spacetime curvature anomaly. This unequally-distributed gravitomagnetic field may be provided by the relatively slower counterclockwise motion of the upper means for generating an electromagnetic field relative to the hollow superconductive field, combined with the relatively faster clockwise motion of the lower means for generating an electromagnetic field, as observed from above the space vehicle.
An area of the highest vacuum pressure density 35 of the substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state 34 is located directly behind the space vehicle.
In this example, the variation in the spacetime curvature within the substantially egg-shaped spacetime anomaly associated with elevated pressure of inflationary vacuum state, the spacetime curvature being same as gravity, results in a gravitational imbalance, with the repulsion force pushing the space vehicle forward in modified spacetime at speeds approaching the light-speed characteristic for this modified area. This light-speed might be much higher than the light-speed in the ambient space.
By creating alternative anomalies and modulating their parameters, the space vehicle's crew would dilate and contract time and space on demand. The space vehicle, emitting a vacuum pressure modifying, controllably-modulated gravitomagnetic field in all directions, would rapidly move in the uneven spacetime anomaly it created, pulled forward by gravity or pushed by the repulsion force. The time rate zone of the anomaly is expected to have multiple quantized boundaries rather than a single sudden boundary affecting space and time in the immediate proximity of the vehicle. Speed, rate of time, and direction in space could be shifted on demand and in a rapid manner. The modulated light-speed could make the space vehicle suitable for interstellar travel. Because of the time rate control in the newly created isospace, the accelerations would be gradual and the angles of deviation would be relatively smooth. The gravity shielding would further protect pilots from the ill-effects of gravity during rapid accelerations, directional changes, and sudden stops.
patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?u=/ne...960975&RS=PN/6960975
IT'S ABOUT TIME. OF COURSE IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT TIME AND DIMENSIONAL TIME DOMAINS, BUT WE HAVE FAILED MISERABLY TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE UNIVERSE CANNOT EVEN EXIST IF TIME DID NOT HAVE TWO DIRECTIONS TO SUPPORT A CONDENSATION MATRIX THAT HAS CURVATURE AND ROTATION.
john
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